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Books are LIBRARY USE to be Taken From the Library Room. 


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_ Return this book on or before the 
Latest Date stamped below. 


GEOLOGY. LIBRARY, 


University of Illinois Library 


L161—H41 


WAR DEPARTMENT. 


REPORT 


OF A 


RECONNAISSANCE 


FROM 


CARROLL, MONTANA TERRITORY, ON THE UPPER MISSOURI, 


TO TOK 


YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK, AND RETURN, 


MADE IN 
TEE SUMMER OF 1875, 


WILLIAM LUDLOW, 


CAPTAIN OF ENGINEERS, BREVET LIEUTENANT-COLONEL, U. 8. ARMY, 
CHIEF ENGINEER DEPARTM#NT OF DAKOTA. 


WASHINGTON: 
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. 
et 6. 


Letters of transmittal.-....--..-.- Jopasosdesa Loos: one Bee aadd canaouiosoo oacde oc ing SEE Omnene eos swine set sos 
CLG HERO cae en Soe eno St beadedet esse aces eats oecbe tea dees hc 6054 gos Cs ese omoNceeee ee 2-2 be see = Boe 
(OMI Sons ce storideee So neeede as ceca 2a Gado coke ale See eet bad 35 Jem bor bwbnd oO oneror ee. coe teereeroereese Cece 
Composition of the party and instruments employed.-... Oeste aan MO gIOOd Mmawad 4 Aces Coogetioe ce eeteaos Sec 
Saint Paul to Carroll via Northern Pacific Railroad and Missouri River .......----..---.----6 ---- +--+ -- =e es 
Canrol) to’ Camp) Baler, Montana, via (Carroll Road) ao. fone ae cence women nce meminenn ws cocese n= nn arne 
JiwGhilin PME ssyeekeseeosn He ese co econe.S ts atigo poe kode one ae SoISeSCoe aE Cre Coro Sea ao poOCSneronr errs 
Camp Baker to Fort Bllis; Montana, via Bridger Pass... 26 2. - oo ow. cone - omens wwe ver wnt wore ne wenn = 
Tete TOURS UG aaah ay ae Vee HH Re 8 so ome ccese eb aee Cee AEE epee sce Sob StoEee a osobegenost heeroecrecs 
Rite TeTT eee AS Mee ee Soe Petey eee Boe Coe Hc oy BPE eso o Cede SoS NUSECeIne Se eS Crpr conte mee area 
SELON GHOMG TIONS as cicoade i: co SA Senta BOB AER Bee Ge ticne 2 O5 SSPE EE CSe ESE SEO nee CESS a erete sSe ae ner 
WGN SHO TNL ET to ee Bae bois Coe ae anise HOD aO Die CORED OOO ERO Sne Bee tra peoEo oc cease. -Seeicerne ee 
Tlie: (GEV Sten corti este so de ee Sock. cel SS See SS SOS Seppo Son SO CSN OO OSES oS Becans eoeers &¢ HOSSErlccceae 
lUyainare Geyser BS nls es eon so Sos ee no ns ene ES Sn US NOSE CDC OEG DoE ADRES anndoE Gere obeerc “e)moreeaaog eer 
Tes ETT) JOUNNE! SRS tee Ras asbee Ga Ga no CRS ate SOR SCOR ISE CIS BER IOS.C SIG SSD OCTET RIDERS BEE Deca Sorc samoc see 
BIS TO: Cannoli eae = atone e eee eaten ame aioe tie ee sole cise eisai ev wre aime ete ala Santee =a we ee Sete leaae am == 
Tat nie) wis bye More evan hon ae aye a 2s Se pose eo op SE ee SO bern’ Geed aece Sapee eos coseeacecteeeo rece 
TREE HOSE Tty Ll Se eee cero sweo ee aeser Sees SSeS nee noso Nese CSes ee BEarrs Soc ncoc toro Coeur ecae ese cece= 
Remarks and recommendations with reference to the Yellowstone Park.-.---...-.-----------------------+--- 
Legal enactments establishing the park. ....-..----.----------------.------ eceadikicn coos sen cusemecee 
Astronomical observations for time and latitude at Carroll, Camp Lewis, and Gaon Baleen SDS Sac DeC Reema 
Summary table of daily instrumental observations, with deduced altitudes, latitude, and longitude of each camp, 
and of the Montana posts, distances traveled, &c.......-.-....-. -.-------- 204-20 ee ee += - ee 
Table of Missouri River distances from Benton to Bismarck, from survey by Lieut. F. V. Greene, United States 
Engineers, under direction of Capt. William J. Twining, Corps of Engineers..----..----.------------ 
Report of Lieut. R. E. Thompson, Sixth Infantry, United States Army .....--.-.--.-------------------+-+------ 
Mrrp tothe Judiwh) Basine 22 coc sheen = ones qe cece 
Trip from Carroll to Ellis, via Yellowstone igen on seb wie ge Denix alse eats caisceeleoeee Ss egeeen, BEES S 6-6 OSS 
Zoological report, by George Bird Grinnell --- =... 22. 2.22 eno s ee pean ee = eee oan = creme we enn none onan onan 
Chaptergi—viesmnial ages aes eters me oe ea ame eee) seam o nait ems es Saran aon eae eee eee sae 
(Chapcanslla ends teseia ee ecleseie Selene come ee tolss nae an eee mi on niteciae oe an aoe sys ast ise ee Senna sine 
Partial list of mammals and birds 
Geological report, by Edward 8. Dana and George Bird Grinnell ...... .--.---------- ---- -----+ ---+ +--+ ++ --2-- 
Preliminary remarks on the alluvial deposits of the Upper Missouri River ..---...-------------------------- 
romlGareohebor bo Seeld Ory One kyr pose se ae oe rake ener Pec os eS cioe cio dan caiman armenia Sele sare emo <= 
PeuTieG he MOU haM ese neo ata ecerre nana eo Se upc Soe ane = wie cee ecco doece Usa dees ence ssemeee 
HromeuBoxcbidertol@amipMse Wis) soe ewes ssh an cone cscpec snce ss ee eces o2oc seeses eeeece meee eee eee sc =~ ee n= 
Camprliewistorthen udith Garprer. masala. aeyaeeis sole ens sew chnsles che cccursecs apadee sontememne=a5 seeeiso se 
LOW OME AIA eee temas mee eteye iar eye tele, tae ae oo to, a opyacO wiadiainie, Sots Sia dhe sten aig Dewan aac eaels's 
italesbutte Mountains pat ee matte. s =set eget ce Oe eos Sem ac ohaw ad Sateen oe eeaaqotait = sc eeeae ees = 
Judith Gap to the Musselshell Cation ..---.....-.--.- BS RE See eee eee eee ee 2 ee ee IER? Aeon 
Np Sse Sie leon Tn OMe AD ARON: eee tee isfe sete aa ee ese aime ole aa pester wine suc stemmice vn mA olgte = aiaielal Smale a 
Game i vB hee eee meet an eae PR ig Cee anes emule wet noe e dos SO ae ero eee poe atE eee 
(CONTaRL TBE Vere Hae TO oy A TEA 2 es ee Sse cis es pee er Se ete Rae a Ce eee eR IETS 
Bridger Mountains ..-.--...-.- JS: 5 GATE SO ee Oe oe Pee SRO Ee ee AERIS 
From the Bridger Mountains to a TOR of the Museelisbell .. PRC eee ee bao Chat one Cee cee or 
rou Armells Greek tothe mouth of the Jadith jso-2.2- 25 = 223 - ace oe oso aloe cose Secs chao ce eben e eee 
ToitiMle Tiel; Wikia pce bas pee eas BES id POSH sO BES ERROR CE SEO Meee NSD Cee ans aes aa Se eines iseina = 
Mba Gevsecs oie) VEUOWStONGNeemn ky oe ato mmete ase oy a ie Patella ae ee me mene nn pe eae Soe ie ae Sense 
GeneraiecOnGlUBlOns ese setae elena iat = a ae eae fae ota ener aie eal eae a= Seas ep iaiaiategiers =e == 2 aimee 
DISH EN ELO TOA COLON ULONG oc eel = ae Release setete sitimin ese miais aes ecleer Sie aise reineep eae ee amon a= signin soe 
PonOnGiNIGUNTALM-ClOVALON concise aaa Soc Hose welerete ea Gate ote aiotias = sie yn Se pete Omieets he e's SH einen 
WMeGMpilonon new fossils by Bibs WhWHeld: see eo ae eco <isee ee sence one ow -ouetna venniese se nleeseeeceo- = 


MAPS AND ILLUSTRATIONS. 


General map of the reconnaissance, scale 1 inch=12 miles; at end of volume. 

Map of the Judith Basin, scale 1 inch=G miles; to face...---...---.---..----- ---- -- 22 eee cree ete eee eee 
Map of the Upper Geyser Basin, scale 1 inch=500 feet; to face......-..----- .----------+ -----+ ----8 +--+ ++ ---- 
Two plates of new species of fossils; at end of descriptions of new fossils. 


Ss 


in 2011 vith ‘und ftom 


| University of illinois io 


LETTERS OF TRANSMITTAL. 


OFFICE OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, 
Washington, D. C., July 21, 1876. 
Siz: Capt. William Ludlow, Corps of Engineers, Chief Engineer Department of Dakota, has 
submitted to this office a copy of the report of his reconnaissance from Carroll, Montana Territory, 
on the Upper Missouri, to the Yellowstone National Park, and return, made in the summer of 1875. 
It embraces the reports of reconnaissances by Lieut. R. E. Thompson, Sixth Infantry, and scientific 
reports by Messrs. George Bird Grinnell, Edward 8. Dana, and R. P. Whitfield. 
I have respectfully to recommend that the report be printed at the Government Printing- 
Office, and that 1,500 copies be furnished on the usual requisition. 
Very respectfully, your obedient servant, 
A. A. HUMPHREYS, 
E brig. Gen. and Chief of Engineers 
Hon. J. D. CAMERON, 
Secretary of War. 


Approved by the Secretary of War: 
H. T. Crossy, 
Chief Clerk. 
WAR DEPARIMEN?, July 21, 1876. 


HBADQUARTERS DEPARTMENT OF DAKOYA, 
OFFICE OF THE Cuier ENGINEER, 
Saint Paul, Minn., March 1, 1876. 

Sir: I have the honor to forward herewith a copy of my report of the reconnaissance of last 
summer from Carroll, Mont., over the Carroll road, to Camp Baker, Mont., thence to Fort Ellis, 
Mont., including a brief tour through the Yellowstone National Park, and the return journey to 
Carroll. Accompanying my report, for incorporation therewith, are those of Messrs. ca and 
Dana, which will be found both interesting and valuable. 

A map of the reconnaissance is presented, which shows the authorities used, in addition to my 
own field-notes, which were made as complete as possible. Two sketches are added, one of the 
Judith Basin and the other of the Upper Geyser Basin, to be inserted in the proper Aieact in the 
report. 

A set of astronomical observations at Carroll, Camp Lewis, and Camp Baker, three principal 
points on the Carroll road, are furnished ; also a tabular statement of latitudes, longitudes, distances, 
&e., and a list of distances on the Missouri River, from a survey by the United States Boundary 
Commission. The region included within the limits of the Yellowstone Park is, for its area, the 
most interesting in the world. It is situated at the very heart of the continent, where the hidden 
pulses can, as it were, be seen and felt to beat, and the closely-written geological pages constitute 
a book which, being interpreted, will expose many of the mysterious operations of nature. My 
own interest in this land of wonder is so keen as to lead me again to hope that it will be protected 
from the vandalism from which it has already suffered, and that the suggestion of an accurate 
topographical and geological survey, to complete the work so well inaugurated by Professor Hayden, 
may be made the subject of favorable consideration and recommendation by the Chief of Ingineers. 

Very respectfully, your obedient servant, 
WILLIAM LUDLOW, 
Captain of Enginecrs. 
The CHInF OF ENGINEERS, U.S. A., 
Washington, D. C. 


4 ‘ 
. ~ 


tt Pe Oe 


RECONNAISSANCE FROM CARROLL, MONTANA, TO YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK. 


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GENERAL REPORT. 


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GENERAL REPORT. 


HEADQUARTERS DEPARTMENT OF DAKOTA, 
OFFICE OF CHIEF ENGINEER, 
Saint Paul, Minn., February 1, 1876. 


Sie: [ have the honor to submit herewith my report of the reconnaissance from Carroll, Mont., 
to Camp Baker, thence to Fort Ellis and the Yellowstone National Park, made during the months 
of July, August, and September, 1875, in accordance with the instructions given in Special Orders 
No. 110, dated Headquarters Department of Dakota, Saint Paul, Minn., June 14, 1875. 

My report includes those of Mr. George Bird Grinnell on the paleontology and zoélogy and of 
Mr. Edward S. Dana on the geology of the region traversed. These reports will be found highly 
interesting and valuable. Drawings of fossils collected by Mr. Grinnell form a portion of his report. 

Lieut. R. E. Thompson’s report of the trip to the Judith Basin, and of the return from Carroll to 
Ellis, are also submitted; Lieutenant Thompson’s topographical work having been incorporated in 
the general map. : 

A map of the route pursued is presented on a scale of six miles to the inch, and a tabular 
statement is appended to the report, giving the astronomically-determined positions of important 
points, tables of distance, instrumental observations, c. 

The determinations of Forts Shaw and Ellis are those of Lieut. F. V. Greene, Corps of Engi- 
neers, who was at those posts last summer on duty connected with the United States Boundary 
Commission. His labors obviated the necessity for my going to Fort Shaw (which would have 
consumed some valuable time), and also saved me additional delay at Fort Ellis, at which place, 
out of six days I spent there, rain fell continuously for five. 

The position of Fort Benton and the map of the Missouri River below that post are from the 
survey of the same officer, under direction of Capt. William J. Twining, Corps of Engineers, chief 
astronomer of the Boundary Commission, who with his party descended the river from Benton to 
Bismarck in Mackinac boats, at the close of the season’s operations in 1874, carefully mapping it, 
and establishing almost daily astronomical stations. The river distances determined by this survey 
show an enormous reduction from the crude and exaggerated estimates given in existing tables, 
and which have heretofore been accepted as fair approximations. Above Benton, the river is from 
the various published authorities collated, and as far as possible reconciled. 

The topography adjoining the route is from the field-notes of the reconnaissance. 

Sketches of the Judith and Upper Geyser Basins are given in the body of the report, also from 
field-notes. 

The general topography of the Yellowstone Park is mainly taken from the published maps of 
Dr. Hayden and Captain Jones; using, however, my own latitudes wherever good observations were 
taken. This, however, was but seldom, since showers fell every day but one that we were in the 
park, and the nights were almost invariably cloudy. 

Inasmuch as no one who has seen this interesting region can fail to be deeply solicitous for its 
care and preservation, I am impelled to express a hope for favorable consideration from the depart- 
ment commander of the remarks and suggestions in relation thereto. 

2W 


10 RECONNAISSANCE FROM CARROLL, MONTANA, 


1 left Saint Paul on the evening of June 30, in obedience to Special Orders No. 110, series of 1875, 
Departure from from headquarters Department of Dakota, and proceeded, via the Northern Pacific 
Sat eaul Railroad, to Bismarck, its western terminus, on the Missouri River. 


{Special Orders No. 110.] 


HEADQUARTERS DEPARTMENT OF DAKOTA, 
; Saint Paul, Minn., June 14, 1875. 
Capt. William Ludlow, chief engineer of the department, will, on July 1 proximo, proceed, via the Northern Pacific 
Railroad and the Missouri River, to Carroll, Mont., and make a reconnaissance of the route from 
that place to Camp Baker. Having completed this duty, he will proceed to the several posts in 
the district of Montana, and determine their latitudes and longitudes. He will also, if time permits, make a recon- 
paissance from Fort Ellis to the Yellowstone Park. Captain Ludlow is authorized to take with him his assistant and 
the enlisted men of engineers under his command. He is also authorized to take with him a geologist and such other 
scientific gentlemen, not exceeding four in all, as may desire to accompany his party. The commanding officer of the 
District of Montana will furnish escorts to Captain Ludlow from point to point, wherever, in his judgment, it may be 
necessary, sending a party to Carroll for that purpose; the transportation being sufficient to furnish one wagon, one 
ambulance, and five saddle-horses for use of Captain Ludlow’s party. 
By command of Brigadier-General Terry: 


Orders. 


O. D. GREENE, 
Assistant Adjutant-General. 


{Special Orders No. 127.) 
HEADQUARTERS DEPARTMENT OF DAKOTA, 
Saint Paul, Minn., July 7, 1875. 
* * 


* ¥ * * 


Ill. The Quartermaster’s Department will empioy one civilian guide and scout to accompany the reconnaissance 
under Capt. William Ludlow, United States Engineers, authorized in Department Special Orders No. 110, current 
series. He will be paid at the rate of $75 per month for the time he is actually employed, and will be furnished with 
transportation by steamboat for himself and horse from Bismarck to Carroll and return. The acting assistant quarter- 
master at Fort Abraham Lincoln will take him up on his “‘ Report of persons and atricles.” 

IV. Second Lieut. R. E. Thompson, Sixth Infantry, will report to Capt. William Ludlow, Engineer Corps, for duty 
as topographer, with the reconnaissance under the latter-named officer, authorized by Special Orders No. 110, current 
series, from these headquarters. 

By command of Brigadier-General Terry: 

O. D. GREENE, 
Assistant Adjutant-General. 


My party consisted (beside my brother, Mr. Edwin Ludlow, of New York, and assistant, Mr. W. 
Goinpbaitionotine = Wood) of Messrs. George Bird Grinnell and Edward S. Dana, both of Yale Col- 
party. lege, who had come out to Saint Paul upon my invitation for the purpose of join- 
ing me. 
These gentlemen traveled at their own expense, receiving no compensation for their services; and 
Messrs. Grimen lL cannot but consider myself extremely fortunate in having induced them to 
any Sa mete accompany meas special assistants. Mr. Grinnell would report upon the paleon- 
SBBIS LAN iS; tology aud zoélogy and Mr. Dana upon the geology of the country passed over. 
The reports attest their zeal and industry, as well as the fullness of their qualifications for, and 
conscientious devotion to, their voluntarily-assumed tasks. 
Special Orders No. 121 directed my detachment of engineer soldiers, consisting of Sergeants 
Becker and Wilson and five men, to report to me at Carroll for surveying purposes. 
At Bismarck, the party was increased by the addition to it of Lieut. Rh. E. Thompson, Sixth In- 
Lieutenant Thomp- fantry, who was to accompany it as topographer and general assistant, and of 
son and Charles Key- Charles Reynolds, a well-known frontiersman, who was to act as guide and hunter 
party. for the expedition. : 
The instruments taken on the trip were a small Wiirdemann transit-theodolite, No.94; a Spencer 
BN ee te foe Le 3rowning & Co.’s sextant, No. 6536; a Gambay & Son reflecting-circle, No. 212; and 
onthe reconnais- two chronometers, a mean solar of Arnold & Dent, No. 1362, and a sidereal of Bond 
or & Sons, No. 202. These instruments, with the exception of the circle, had been 
used on the reconnaissance to the Black Hills of the previous season, and were known to be good. 
In addition were four odometers, two thermometers, two aneroid barometers, and an odometer-eart, 
constructed for the purpose of measuring distances, 


TO YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK. 11 


The party, after three days’ detention at Bismarck, embarked on the steamer Josephine the even- 
ing of July 5, and sailed early on the morning of the 6th. Directions had been Menvakinnarckon 
given Sergeant Becker to make a survey of the river while going up. This was ‘he Josephine. 
continued during the day; but as night fell, and the boat continued to run, it was found impossible 
to take the necessary compass-bearings to points in advance. 

Fort Stevenson, eighty-four miles from Bismarck, was reached at midnight. Here Lieutenant 
Thompson and Reynolds landed for the purpose of procuring some necessary Mone Stevenson: 
articles, intending to join the boat again at Fort Berthold, which, although twenty- ?"* 
five miles above Stevenson by water, is only seven or eight miles by land. 

July 7.—At 5 a. m., the boat reached Berthold, and stopped for two hours to land some freight, 
and Lieutenant Thompson and Reynolds again came on board. Berthold is the 
agency for the combined tribes of Rees, Gros Ventres, and Mandans, who occupy 
in common a village built on the north bank of the river, surrounding an old stockade of the North- 
western Fur Company, which had formerly a trading-post here. At that early hour, the village was 
still asleep, and a stroll through it resulted only in arousing the numerous Indian curs that with 
snarls and threatening aspect resented the intrusion. 

July 8.—Was hot and uneventful. Toward afternoon, the mosquitoes became more and more 
troublesome, and at night forbade sleep. About 11 p. m., the boat was stopped for the purpose of 
landing Reynolds (who had his horse with him), and dispatching him in advance to Fort Buford, 
with a note to the post-quartermaster for supplies and one to the post-surgeon. A member of the 
party had been severely attacked with a disorder brought on by the heat and the effect of the river- 
‘water, which it is injudicious for one unaccustomed to its use to indulge in freely. 

July 9.—Arrived at Buford, three hundred miles above Bismarck, at 3 a.m. The surgeon, Dr. 
Middleton, kindly came down at once and announced that the invalid was suffer- 
ing from a sharp attack, and that it would be in a high degree dangerous for him 
to proceed. I made preparations at once to go ashore and remain until the next succeeding boat, 
which would pass in a week or ten days, should enable me to continue the journey. 
Meanwhile Lieutenant Thompson would be in charge of the party, and instruc- 
tions were given him to proceed to Carroll and examine thoroughly the neighboring country. A 
fall opportunity would at the same time be afforded to determine the latitudeand |. aie 
longitude of Carroll as a starting-point for the survey of the Carroll road, thence Bou anil PALEY B00 
to Camp Baker, which might then be proceeded with immediately on my arrival. 

July 15.—The Josephine returned to Buford from Carroll, having safely landed the party, and 
brought a note from Lieutenant Thompson to the effect that the Indians had been ays from Carroll 
very troublesome on the Carroll road, had run off a drove of forty mules belong- — Teceived at Buford. 
ing to the Transportation Company, and had even boldly invaded Carroll and attempted to steal 
horses from the picket-rope. 

I received information also that three recruits of a large detachment which had recently gone 
up the river, destined for Fort Shaw, had been killed in the immediate vicinity of Camp Lewis, sev- 
enty-five miles out of Carroll. 

Under the circumstances, and feeling some apprehension for the safety of the party, which had 
an escort of ten men only, it was weary waiting at Buford for the next boat up, the arrival of which 
was delayed from various causes, until I had nearly determined upon the overland trip of two hun- 
dred and seventy-five miles to Carroll, dangerous as this would have been, on account of the activity 
of the Indians and their large numbers in the vicinity of Fort Peck. However, the Sap Aeon 
Key West at last arrived, on the morning of the 23d; and, hastily getting on ‘¥ West. 
board, the journey was resumed. Wolf Point, the Assiniboine agency, was reached at 10 p. m. of 
the 24th, and Fort Peck, the general up-river agency for the Sioux, on the evening of the 25th. 

Peck, one hundred and eighty miles above Buford by water, stands on a narrow plateau of the 
north bank of the river, almost overhung by the hills in rear. The buildings are 
of logs, one story, and inclosed within a stockade. This agency is the most consid- 
erable on the Missouri River. I was informed that from 8,000 to 10,000 people were fed there. 

The distance to the hostile camps of Sitting Bull on the Yellowstone is not much in excess of 
one hundred miles, and intercourse is easy and not infrequent. It seems more than probable that 


Fort Berthold. 


Fort Buford, Dak. 


Stop at Buford. 


Fort Peck. 


12? RECONNAISSANCE FROM CARROLL, MONTANA, 


in order to make up the large number which it is claimed is furnished with food and clothing from 
this agency, the Indians of the Yellowstone must be included, the attitude of whom is one of vigi- 
lant and unvarying hostility to all white men. 

July 26.—Left Fort Peck at 3 a.m. Up to this point, the character of the river and its valley 

Character of the appeared to be measurably unchanged, a broad, rapid,.and turbid stream, about 
ene three feet deep in the channel, cutting into its banks at every turn, sand-bars fre- 
quently appearing in the muddy bed; the valley heavily timbered with cottonwood, and well defined 
by hills. Above Peck, the bed of the stream became more gravelly, the channel consequently more 
stable, and the water somewhat clearer. The river narrowed to a width of from 150 to 300 yards; 
the clay bluffs from 150 to 600 feet in height, more closely approached the banks, and became 
exceedingly barren and unattractive, of dark-gray hue and ashen texture, with thin alkaline streaks 
near the base. Small plates of selenite scattered over the surface glittered in the sun, and the 
grass was exceedingly poor and scanty. As we advanced, small cedars appeared on the higher 
elevations, and game became more abundant. Glimpses of deer half-concealed in the shrubbery were 
frequently caught; large bands of elk were seen in the timbered “points ;” and the shore of the river 
was everywhere dotted with the footprints of wild animals. 

Three buffalo crossed the river in advance of the boat. One was killed and hoisted on deck; 
some Indians who had come on board at Wolf Point greedily appropriating the refuse portions. 
Just before sundown, a herd of seventy five or eighty buffalo were seen dashing down the left bank 

‘A herd of buffalo J eager pursuit of three in advance, who had already entered the water and were 
crossing the river. —_ half-way across the stream. The herd at once plunged in, and it was soon evident 
that the boat would intercept them. They kept on, however; the calves, of which there were sev- 
eral, swimming by the lower side of the cows, and all making strenuous efforts to overtake the 
leaders, who had meanwhile climbed the opposite bank. The stupid animals only turned back 
when the foremost actually struck the boat with their heads, and then, with bovine snorts and bel- 
lowings, they heaped together and climbed upon each other in desperate fright, within a few feet 
ofus. It would have been butchery to kill them, especially as we did not need the beef, and they 
were allowed to escape unhurt. 

July 27,—Carroll was reached at 7p. m. I found a note from Lieutenant Thompson to the effect 
that the vicinity of Carroll had been examined and the necessary observations 
taken; and, finding that forage and rations were becoming searce, it had been 
determined to proceed on the road toward Camp Baker in order to save delay. 

A courier was dispatched to Camp Lewis for escort and transportation by Lieutenant-Colonel 
Otis, assistant inspector-general of the department, who was en route to Helena, and we awaited 
the reply. 

Carroll is a frontier “‘ town” of perhaps twenty or twenty-five log buildings, on the south bank of 
the river, six hundred and forty miles above Bismarck and one hundred and sixty-five miles below 
Fort Benton, the limit of navigation on the Upper Missouri. The town is situated on a timbered 
plateau 15 or 20 feet above the level of the stream at low water, in the river-valley, which is some 
800 to 900 feet in depth, with steep clay slopes covered with pine. It owes its existence to iis being 
the terminus of the road recently opened from Helena, and the point at which freights are trans- 
ferred to and from the boats. 

Montana has long suffered from its isolation and from the want of an outlet for its productions. 
Until the opening of the Carroll road, the only regular communication with the outer world was by 
the road from Helena to Corinne, on the Union Pacific Railroad, a distance of over four hundred 

The Carroll ronte 2nd fifty miles. The distance from Helena to Carroll is more than two hundred 
{rom/ Helena. miles less than this, a difference which, to the heavy bull-trains averaging only 
twelve or thirteen miles per day, represents a saving of fifteen or sixteen days in time. The Mis- 
souri River as far up as Carroll is generally navigable for the flat-bottomed stern-wheel boats that 
ply upon it until some time in October; and it is evident that by the aid of a connection at Bis- 
marek with the Northern Pacific an important and valuable outlet for the wealth of the Territory 
has been discovered, available from the opening of navigation in the spring until quite late in the 
fall, a period of over five months. 


Carroll, Mont. 


TO YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK. 13 


In addition to the encouragement to the industries of Montana, a large saving can be made by 
the Government in the cost of transporting its troops and supplies for the up-river and Montana posts 
by the use of this route. These considerations, supported by the necessity for maintaining troops to 
act as a check upon the lawlessness of the large number of Indians annually congregating in the 
vicinity of Fort Peck, constitute an appeal to the Government to protect the road against forays by 
the Indians, an obligation which is recognized in the distribution of troops along the line of the 
road. At Camp Baker, fifty-two miles east of Helena, is a permanent garrison of Military poste ox 
two companies of infantry; at the forks of the Musselshell, fifty-six miles farther  ‘h® Cato! toad. 
east, is a Summer camp of two companies of infantry and one of cavalry; at the Judith Gap, thirty 
niles farther, is a detachment of eighteen or twenty men; and at Camp Lewis, thirty miles farther 
and seventy-five miles out of Carroll, is another summer garrison of two companies of infantry, 
from which a small detachment guards the stage-station at Box Elder, forty miles out of Carroll. 
These posts can conveniently receive their supplies from Carroll. 

If; in addition to the garrison at the forks of the Musselshell and Camp Lewis, a force of cavalry, 
sufficiently large to patrol the road and push reconnaissances south and east, could suecehedus da 
be established between Camp Lewis and the Judith Gap,—and in this range the Shoneont sav aley on 
requisites of wood, water, and grass are both excellent and abundant,—the route 
could be made as permanently safe as any other highway, and such loss of property and life as 
occurred last summer be prevented. The truth of the general proposition cannot, I sieceeaaie’ ak to 
think, be questioned that the settlements of Montana can best be protected by te. or a ane 
troops removed from their immediate vicinity and pushed out toward the sources ments. 
whence hostile incursions are to be apprehended. 

July 30.—The stage came in an early hour, bringing word from the commanding officer at Camp 
Lewis that, much as he desired to do so, he had no transportation or men that he could possibly 
send. Colonel Otis therefore hired such transportation as could be obtained in 
Carroll; and securing a few rifles and rounds of ammunition, we started soon after 
midday, our escort being half a dozen unarmed recruits, en route to Shaw. 

The road out of Carroll leads up a long sharp ridge to the west, constantly ascending, with many 
turns, until an altitude of over nine hundred feet above the “town” is attained; the view thence 
was wide and varied. Up and down the river, the valley, sinuous and green, its steep slopes scored 
by deep ravines, could be traced for many miles. Bordering that, the tumbled Bad Lands on the 
south bank and the yellow prairie on the north, and in the distance the various ranges of mount- 
ains in detached groups—the Bear’s Paw, seventy miles to the north and west; the Little Rockies, 
thirty miles north; the Judith Mountains, forty miles south and west; with the Great and Little 
Moccasins close by, and the Snowies beyond. 

The road at first traversed a rolling, sterile prairie, gradually descending. Camp was made on 
Little Crooked Creek, thirteen miles from Carroll, and in what are called the Bad Lands, which 
extend out from Carroll for over thirty miles. The landscape is dreary to the last 
degree, with rolling and broken outlines. The soil throughout the region is a 
finely-ground clay of dark ashen hue and texture and irregularly striped by dirty alkaline streaks. 
In the absence of rain, it is dry and dusty; but thoroughly wetted, it becomes a Camp) on oLittle 
greasy, slippery, fathomless mass of clinging mud, through which the straining Cteeked Creek. 
auimals can hardly drag the heavily-weighted wheels.~ Wood is almost entirely wanting; water 
is very scarce, and when found is alkaline and tepid. The vegetation is sage and cactus, with 
occasionally a little thin, poor grass. Near camp two trains were encountered going in to Carroll; 
they halted for the night two or three miles behind us. 

July 31.—Camp was broken early, and the journey resumed through the same enlivening scenery 
for twenty miles, crossing Crooked Creek, a sluggish alkaline stream, deeply cut into the dark-gray 
clay (where the sight of a party of mounted Indians some miles away disturbed our lunch and 
started us on the road), to where the bounds of the Bad Lands were reached, and the road 
ascended upon high rolling prairie, over which a push of seven miles led into the valley of Box 
Elder Creek. This is a stage-station, forty miles from Carroll, where a guard of E 
four soldiers is maintained from Lewis. The halting-place is marked by a log forty ntlon team Gast 
cabin standing on the bank of the creek, a small stream of swift-flowing water, *"" 


Start from Carroll. 


Manvyaises Terres. 


14 RECONNAISSANCE FROM CARROLL, MONTANA, 


which has its source in the slopes of the Judith Mountains. During the day, two or three single 
buftalo were seen, and antelope had appeared from time to time since leaving Carroll. 

August 1—The road led in a general southwest direction along the northern foot-hills of the 
mountains, which were eight to ten miles distant, rising steep and wooded to the height of some 
2,000 feet. The road was good, although somewhat hilly, the grass fair, and the creeks, several 
of which we crossed, were all bright little streams of good water. As we advanced, the mountains 
began to define themselves. The Little and Greater Moccasins separated from the Judith and from 
each other, between them appearing the distant Highwoods, with patches of snow; the Snowies, 
to the south, also snow-crowned ; and, separating them from the Little Belt, could be seen the 
depression which marks the Judith Gap. The road follows the western flank of the Judith, at the 
southwest extremity of which, on the banks of Big Spring Creek, finally appeared the garrison-flag 

Camp Lewis, on 2nd the white tents of Camp Lewis, thirty-five miles from Box Elder. The camp 
Bie elie miles 48 Situated in the level valley of the creek, the garrison consisting of two com- 
from: Carroll: panies of the Seventh Infantry, Captain Browning commanding. The creek, the 
main affluent of the Judith River, rises a few miles above Lewis, in a huge spring, from which the 
stream emerges, full-grown, with a rapid, tumultuous current of ice-cold water, abounding with the 
black-speckled mountain-trout. The course is northwest in a gravelly bed 15 or 20 feet wide and 
1 to 2 feet deep. . Wood has in a great measure to be hauled by the garrison from the mountains, 
but the grass is rich and luxuriant. 

August 2.—Lewis is the second stage-station on the Carroll road, seventy-five miles from the 
“town.” We lay over one day to rest the animals. 

August 3.—Took the road again at an early hour, ascending upon a partly level and rolling 
prairie fairly grassed over, where rapid progress, parallel to the Snowy Range, was made, crossing 
several fine creeks which rise in the Snowies and flow north and west into the Judith River. 

The Judith Basin, a sketch of which is given, opened to the north and west, showing a fine, 
well-grassed, gently-rolling prairie, some fifty miles east and west and sixty miles 
north and south, of irregular diamond-shape, and inclosing about 1,500 square 
miles, from the borders of which rose, massive and detached, the encircling ranges, the Judith, 
Snowy, Little Belt, and Highwoods. Throughout this elevated region (and more especially later 
in the Yellowstone Park), we had daily occasion to observe the marked depth and clearness of the 
coloring, owing, I presume, to the utter purity of the atmosphere; the colors of objects compara- 
tively near by seemed to possess an unsurpassable richness and reality, and even on distant mount- 
ains, seventy-five or eighty miles away, while the colors were necessarily blended and their details 
lost, they exhibited a wonderful transparency and distinctness, undimmed by the haze and vague- 
ness which usually obscure such distant objects. It is this quality of the atmos- 
phere that frrnishes the chief beauty of the Judith Basin, which can hardly be 
termed a mountainous country, although the various ranges grouped about it, and separated from 
each other by broad intervals, form the principal feature of the landscape. Painted in a clear, 
transparent purple upon the sky, and seeming hardly to rest upon the yellow prairie which forms 
so fine a contrast, they look like massive islands in the tawny ocean that rolls against them. 

The basin will some day be a great stock-raising, and, by the aid of irrigation, an agricultural 
region. It has always been considered a fine hunting country, where game of all kinds could be 
found, although we saw none, with the exception of a few antelope; the recent presence of the Crow 
camp having driven it off. 

At Ross’s Fork of the Judith, near the gap, and twenty-seven miles from Lewis, we met Lieu- 
tenant Thompson, who had come out from Baker with two spring-wagons to meet us. Camp was 
made, with good grass and fair water; wood scarce. 

August 4.—Pulled out at6a.m. The road led directly through the gap. From the southeast 
extremity of the Little Belt Mountains rises a fine spring, flowing east at first, and then doubling 
back through the gap into Ross’s Fork. 

The gap is formed by a depression five or six miles in width between the timbered Snowy and 
Belt Ranges. It constitutes the head of the Judith Basin; to the south appearing 
a broad, level stretch of prairie, sloping down to the Musselshell, twenty or twenty- 
five miles distant. The Crow camp at the time we passed was said to be seven or eight miles to 


Judith Basin. 


Judith Basin. 


Judith Gap 


JUDITH BASIN 


S\ 


—Drawn under the direction of 


Capt.W. LUDLOW Corps of Engineers, 
To accompany hisreport. 


Scale linch = 6miles, 
10 
rs 


i 


9) 
\ 

iio 
Vf 


Sept? MBs 


TO YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK. 105) 


the eastward, on the southern slope of the Snowies. We also heard that a fight had taken place 
two nights befure between the Crows and a party of Sioux, and that a war-party of one hundred 
Sioux had passed subsequently through the gap, going northward. 

Emerging from the gap, the road led west and south over a dry, sterile, and dusty prairie, in the 
teeth of a blistering southwest gale, across Hoppley’s Hole and Haymaker’s and Daisy Dean Creeks, 
into the valley of the Mussellshell, whose freshness and greenness and abundance of timber afforded 
the strongest contrast to the country behind us. The hired teams were mortally weary, and had 
been with the greatest difficulty urged all day against the strong, hot wind. Released from har- 
ness, they ran to the bank and leaped bodily into the stream, thrusting their muz- Camp on Mussel- 
zles deep into the cool water with great coutentment. The river is twenty-five or erelaves: 
thirty feet wide, and on the average seven or eight inches deep, of clear, rapid flow, over a gravelly 
bottom ; the valley level, wide, fertile, and richly grassed, with heavy clumps of timber on the low 
banks of the stream. 

August 5.—Made an early start, and at two or three miles from camp came to the “ forks” of the 
Musselshell, where the north and soutb branches unite. Here a ranchman had Nonka oS thoyRrcE: 
established himself, raising cattle, and, by means of an irrigating-ditch, cultivating —S*'st"- 
some seventy-five or eighty acres in oatsand wheat. Throughout Montana, owing to the very thor- 
ough drainage, the general altitude above the sea, and the prevailing dryness of the atmosphere, 
irrigation is essential to successful agriculture. 

A stage-station of the Carroll road is made at this ranch, sixty-five miles from Lewis and fifty- 
six miles from Baker. 

The road followed west and north up the North Fork, passing through arocky, wooded cation of 
considerable beauty. Here the road, overlooking the stream, whose windings it North Fork of the 
followed, and deeply shaded by pines, made a very agreeable drive, the more so Musselshell. 
that we were now beyond any danger from Indians. Emerging from the cafion, the road led west 
and south over a high, rolling, and hilly prairie. At the foot of a long down-grade lay Copperop- 
olis, which was found to consist of a mining-shaft and a deserted shanty. The — yorth¥orkof Deep 
North Fork of Deep Creek was reached at 4 p.m. and camp made. The creek Ce 
abounded with trout, and the wood, water, and grass were plenty and good. 

August 6.—The road led down the valley of Deep Creek west and south to Brewer’s Springs, 
where the luxuries of a hot bath, followed by a generous breakfast, were enjoyed. The waters well 
up freely, strongly impregnated with sulphur, from several springs, with temperatures varying from 
105° to 115° Fahrenheit. They are taken up in wooden pipes, and introduced into Brewers Tot Sul: 
the bathing-houses. The odor is at first unpleasant, but the water is soft and  PBu"Sprinas. 
thoroughly delightful to the skin. The color is a milky, cloudy blue, and soft, delicate filaments 
of sulphur adhere to the sides: of the bath and stream from the mouths of the supplying-tubes. A 
small hotel has been built for the accommodation of visitors. At this point unite the two forks of 
Deep Creek, which, bearing the name of Smith’s River, flows here north and west past Camp Baker 
to join the Missouri. The Carroll road bifurcates, one branch going west over the Bifurcation of the 
mountains, the other following the rich and fertile river-valley, which supports  C#"7l! 724. 
thousands of cattle on its lush pasturage, until at sixteen and three-fourths miles from the springs 
the road reaches Camp Baker, where it deflects to the west, toward Helena. 

The post is an irregular-looking cluster of buildings planted in the midst of a level and stony 
plain, surrounded by mountains, upon which frequent patches of snow appear. 
An irrigating-ditch brings a current of water through the garrison, but hardly 
appears able to vivify the arid soil. The troops at Baker are two companies of the Seventh Infan- 
try, Major Freeman commanding. I found here my party awaiting me, and without loss of time 
made preparations for the trip to Ellis. The transportation and escort which had hitherto accom- 
panied the party had returned to Ellis, and as the road to that point was considered comparatively 
safe, a small force only was needed. 

August 7.—Pulled out at 8 a. m., with transportation consisting of two six-mule teams and a 
four-mule ambulance, with saddle-horses for the party, and a sergeant and two men for guard and 
camp duty. There are two routes from Baker to Ellis: one, called the Duck Creek Gan mnrcen dea 
route, via the Missouri and Gallatin Valleys, is perfectly safe, being within the set-  BoXer te Fort Bilis. 


Camp Baker, Mont. 


16 RECONNAISSANCE FROM CARROLL, MONTANA, 


tlements, but several miles longer than the other, called the ‘‘ outer” route, which, returning nearly 
to Brewer’s Springs, goes up the South Fork of Deep Creek almost direct to Ellis, passing between 
the Crazy and Big Belt Mountains. From the springs south, the valley is at first broad and level 
and heavily grassed, the creek flowing northward. Many antelope were seen grazing in the mead- 
ows. Camp was made at 3.30 p. m. near a fresh, cold spring issuing from the hill- 
side on the east bank of the creek. The locality is the ordinary halting-place, 
twenty-seven miles out of Baker, and is called Moss Agate Springs. The grazing and water are 
excellent, but the supply of wood is small. 

August 8.—Course continued nearly south up the valley. The creek gradually became smaller 
and finally was dry. ‘“Sixteen-mile Creek”, a branch of the Missouri, flowing a strong current west 
and south, was crossed eleven miles from camp, and the road beyond lay over a dry, yellow, gently- 
undulating prairie, which farther on grew more hilly, and became an interminable waste of sage- 
brush. The antelope were numerous during the day. Cottonwood Creek, a small branch of Shield’s 
River, was crossed thirteen and a half miles from Sixteen-mile Creek. The water is pure and 

Campon branch of Plenty, and the valley well supplied with cotton-wood trees. Continuing, the sage- 
SUAET anes brush still occupied the ground, and camp was finally made on a small creek flow- 
ing east, the valley of which furnished an ample supply of excellent water and grass, and wood 
sufficient for camping purposes. Bridger Pass appeared seven or eight miles south of us, and 
Flathead Pass opened to the westward through the Big Belt Range. 

August 9.—Pulled outat6a.m. The trail ledinto a broad valley, stretching eastward at the foot 
of the mountains, richly grassed, intersected by several small streams, and affording the finest pas- 
turage for three or four herds of cattle which were browsing in the meadow. These had probably 
been driven over the mountains from the Gallatin Valley for the summer. Crossing the valley 
brought us to the foot-hills of Bridger Pass, which, though much lower than the 
neighboring mountains, still gave promise of an arduous climb for the heavy 
wagons. <A creek flows out of the pass, up the valley of which a road of fair grade could be easily 
constructed. In the absence of this, the trail climbs several steep hills in succession, alternately 
ascending and descending, but constantly rising, though with more than double the necessary labor, 
until at the summit of a long, sloping hog-back, falling steeply on both sides, a preliminary divide 
was reached, whence descent was made, following a small branch, into the valley of Brackett’s 
Creek. This is a tributary of Shield’s River, flowing eastward and separating the 
group of mountains over which we had passed from the main range, the pass 
through which still lay before us. Crossing the creek, the second ascent was found to be more 
gradual and less severe than the former, although of about equal altitude. Reaching the second 
summit, the descent began down the left bank of Bridger Creek, flowing southward. The peaks 
to the west across the valley were lofty, varied in form, and from certain points 
of view exceedingly fine. Huge patches of snow rested in the more sheltered 
places on their summits, and one couid begin to realize the altitude of 10,000 feet above the sea, 
which sufficed to maintain this wintry feature even under the clear, hot rays of the summer sun. 
The timber throughout the pass is pine, with various small woods in the creek bottoms. Grass is 
abundant, even among the timber, and the brooks are bright mountain-streams constantly fed from 
the snow-fields above, and abounding with trout. Elk and deer are numerous, though they are 
driven from the immediate vicinity of the trail by frequent travel and possibly by the flies, which in 
great numbers and varieties proved a serious annoyance to the cattle. Still following Bridger 
Creek, the road made along bend to the south and west, around the base of Bridger Mountain, into 
the main valley, which turns west to join that of the Gallatin. Crossing the creek, the trail wound 

et ee OEE of hills, and descended into the valley of the North Gallatin, upon 
asi eae aat Glee the south bank of which, three or four miles farther west, Fort Ellis is situated. 

The Bozeman Pass road, leading east and south to the Yellowstone, climbs the 
hill-side opposite to where the road reaches the river. 

Fort Ellis stands near the head of the Gallatin Valley, for the defense of which it was constructed. 
It appears as an assemblage of log houses, irregularly placed from frequent additions, of uninviting 
exterior, but comfortable within. The garrison, General Sweitzer commanding, includes four com- 
panies of the Second Cavalry and one of the Seventh Infantry; but during the summer the mounted 


Moss Agate Springs. 


Bridger Pass. 


Brackett’s Creek. 


Bridger Mountains. 


TO YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK, 17 


troops are required to guard the passes and make frequent scouts, sometimes of considerable extent, 
and hence spend but little time in garrison. At the date of my arrival, two companies were absent, 
one scouting, the other acting as escort to the party of the Secretary of War in the Yellowstone 
Park, while a third was preparing for the field, and started early next morning. 

August 10.—Emploged the day in preparations for the trip to the park. The greater portion of 
the necessary pack-animals were then in the park, and my arrival was fortunately Prager die 
timed, since they were on the return, and expected back in two or three days. By Ss 
advancing to meet them, double that time could be saved. Accordingly, the bag- 
gage was reduced to the smallest possible amount. All trunks and boxes were left behind, and the 
necessary articles put into canvas sacks, brought from Saint Paul for the purpose. Tents were dis- 
carded and only tent-flies carried. The instruments were carefully rolled in bundles of bedding, 
and the basket containing the chronometers strapped to the spring-seat of the odometer-cart, 
Riding-animals were obtained and a six-mule team secured to carry the baggage and stores until 
the pack-train should be met. Toward evening we went into camp about three 
miles southeast from Ellis, on Coal or Rocky Caiion Creek, a small affluent of the 
Gallatin, uniting with it near the fort. 

August 11—Broke camp at 6a. m., and proceeded across the creek and up its valley. The 
trail followed the creek-bottom, crossing it several times, and over a rocky, hilly 
road, through a cafion of considerable grandeur, shaded by lofty, precipitous lime- 
stone pinnacles. The general course was south and east, up the east bank of the creek, gradually 
ascending and bending more to the southward. The road improved, the available space becoming 
greater and the hills less steep. Crossing a low divide extending across the valley, the head of 
Trail Creek, a tributary of the Yellowstone, was reached. Through both ecreek- 
valleys, the flies were very numerous and annoying. There are two ranches on 
Trail Creek, the second one twenty-five miles from Ellis, where the creek-valley widened and entered 
that of the Yellowstone, which presented the familiar features of a broad, dry, stony stretch of 
prairie, sloping down to a beautiful stream, with borders fringed with trees. The 
river has a stony and gravelly bed, an impetuous current of six or seven miles an 
hour, a depth of as many feet, and width of about 100 yards. The waters, constantly freshened by 
mountain springs and torrents, are cold and clear, and alive with trout of great size and variety. 
These range in weight from half a pound to two pounds and upward. Their favorite food is the 
grasshopper, great numbers of which fall into the stream, but they will also take the fly freely. 

The Snow Mountains border the river on the south and east, their lofty pinnacles glitteriag 
with snow. Chief among the range is Emigrant Peak, rising 6,000 feet above the 
valley and attaining an altitude of 11,500 feet above the sea. It is a very hand- 
some mountain, of fine outline and great richness of coloring. Débouching from Trail Creek, the 
road bends south and west up the left bank of the river. We here met the party of the Secretary 
of War, in two spring-wagons, going in to Ellis. The pack-train had been left behind at Gardner’s 
River Springs, to follow more leisurely. Pushing on up the valley, crossing several small brooks 
flowing from the mountains, and passing tio or three ranches, camp was made Camp uéan Bot. 
near Bottler’s ranch, half-way to the Mammoth Springs and thirty-five miles from e's Rauch. 
Ellis. Sufficient wood was readily attainable, and a swift-flowing brook was close at hand; but the 
grass, never luxuriant, had been thinned by frequent camping. 

_ August 12.—Broke camp at 8 a.m. The road passed Bottler’s ranch, where travelers can find 
~ fairly good food and lodging, and proceeded up the level valley to a rocky point coming down from 
the mountains to the river-bank. Surmounting this, we followed up the valley again, crossing two or 
three rude but sufficient bridges, at one of which was a toll-house. Itappeared that 4, oaa from 
a company in Bozeman had obtained a territorial charter for a toll road from that Bozeman to Mam- 
place to the Mammoth Springs. The road had been made practicable for wagons, e's River Springs. 
and considerable work expended upon it up to the toll-bridge; but the-main labor directed to the 
cation above, which had hitherto been a serious obstacle and impassable to vehicles. Continuing, 
the road bent more to the south, and entered the caiion, following a hilly trail, blasted out of the 
rocks. The cation is some three miles in length, and the view from the highest part of second Camon of 
the road is very fine. The river, compressed to a width of 75 or 80 feet, is of arich —‘® YUowstone: 

3 W 


Camp on Coal Creek. 


Cation on Coal Creek. 


Trail Creek. 


Yellowstone River. 


Emigrant Peak. 


18 RECONNAISSANCE FROM CARROLL, MONTANA, 


green hue, splashed with white, and flows with great velocity ; its surface breaking into great waves 
and swirls. The mountains on either side are 2,000 or 3,000 feet in height, rising precipitously from 
the brink, and exhibiting dark browns and grays, contrasting with the deep, somber hue of the pines 
and the more sparkling green of the river, flecked with foam. 

Camp was made at the upper end of the caiion, on the bank. All the,essentials for camping 

Camp in Seconda Were present, and trout abounded in the swift and turbulent waters. The gray- 
Caner: ling, a long, slender fish, of less weight than the trout, but rivaling it in activity 
and game qualities, competed successfully for the fly with the larger fish. 

August 13.—Started at 6.30 a. m., and soon afterward met Lieutenant Doane, with the pack- 
train. The six-mule team was exchanged for pack-mules, and, aftersome three hours’ 
delay, the journey was resumed. 

Cinnabar Mountain stands in the valley, on the right of the trail, and, as seen from any point 
of view, is a handsome peak. Looking from above it, on the river-bank, it stands 
out from the other elevations and makes a very striking picture. The strata are 
nearly vertical, with a perceptible overhang to the eastward, and strike nearly north and south. 
On the south front of the mountain is an immense “ Devil’s Slide”, with smooth, dark, nearly verti- 
cal walls, some 150 or 200 feet in height (the intervening material having been removed), which 
curve to the right in ascending and reach the summit. Adjoining this are broad bands of red and 
yellow, which follow the same curve, and seize the eye at once from their brilliancy of color and 
vivid contrast. 
The trail led us on up the valley, past two ranches, from which supplies were obtained, to 
CampatGardiner's Within a few miles of Gardiner’s River. At this point, it leaves the valley of the 
River Hot Springs. —_-Yellowstone, and, over a hilly route, passes across the angle between the two 
streams, until, at the farther side of a level, well-grassed piece of prairie, it reaches the valley in 
which the Mammoth Hot Springs are situated. The rain had descended heavily all the afternoon 
and continued into the night. 

August 14,—The day opened wet, but cleared in a few hours. A thorough examination was 
made of the springs, which well repaid it. 

They have been already described with great particularity and minuteness in the reports of 
Dr. Hayden and Captain Jones, and a few words of description from me will suffice. 

This remark is not to be confined to the locality of the springs, but must be understood as 

No full description applying, and in a still greater degree, to the whole park, of which I shall not even 
Seat nee attempt a full description, but content myself with recording only a few of the 
more prominent and enduring impressions received in our hurried visit. 

Pressed for time, with other work to do, our constant idea was one of eager haste, and we passed 
rapidly from place to place, thoroughly enjoying every hour, but always with some new wonder in 
advance, to divert our attention and to draw us on. 

The park scenery, as a whole, is too grand, its scope too immense, its details too varied and 
minute, to admit of adequate description, save by some great writer, who, with mind and pen equally 
trained, could seize upon the salient points, and, with just discrimination, throw into proper relief 
the varied features of mingled grandeur, wonder, and beauty. 

The Mammoth Hot Springs are the first point of interest in the park, the northern boundary 

Mammoth Hot Of which was crossed yesterday some miles back. They occupy a small valley, 
Springs. discharging eastward into that of Gardiner’s River, and which the spring-deposits 
have partly filled. Our eamp was pleasantly situated in the valley below the springs, among trees 
growing out of these deposits, in which occasional pits and holes 15 to 20 feet in depth existed. 
Above the camp rose the extinct spring, called, from the shape of the mausoleum which it had 
itself constructed, the “Liberty Cap”, or “‘Giant’s Thumb”, and beyond this again a succession of 
terraces, rising to a height of some 200 feet, dazzling white in the sun, indicated the presence of 
the active springs, which, indeed, had all along been evident enough from the vast clouds of vapor 
constantly arising. The terraces exhibited great variety and beauty of form, much enhanced by 
the quivering and sheeny effect of the thin, descending sheets of water. 

The material is a carbonate of lime, deposited by the cooling of the waters, of a nearly pure 
white, and, while wet, of a moderate hardness. Upon drying, the deposit becomes soft and friable, 


The pack-train met. 


Cinnabar Mountain. 


TO YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK. 19 


and a hunting-knife could be easily plunged into it to the hilt. The main springs occupy the upper 
portion of the terrace, and spread out into large limpid pools of a superb blue tint, boiling violently 
in places, and emitting clouds of steam. Overflowing the pools, the waters escape down the face of 
the terraces, and, in cooling, gradually part with the carbonate held in solution, making constant 
additions to the ornamentations of the surfaces, and constructing scalloped pools and ‘ bath-tubs” 
of every form and temperature. 

The whole vicinity of the springs returns a hollow echo to the tread, highly suggestive of pit- 
falls beneath. The party, however, overran the neighborhood, at first with tentative step, and 
afterward with all confidence, no accident occurring. Remains of extinct springs abound above 
and below the active ones, while still others in full flow exist near the rive1’s edge. 

The grass in the valley of the springs is poor, but on the small prairie above is excellent. Wood 
and cold water are sufficiently abundant and convenient. 

There are two “ranches” near the springs, which do duty as “ hotels”, and are available for the 
use of travelers. 

August 15.—Wagons can be taken as far as the springs without much difficulty; the road having 
been made entirely practicable, though of an occasionally undesirable steepness. At the springs, 
however, wheels must be abandoned, and everything carried upon pack-animals. 

The odometer-cart was left behind, both on account of the difficulty of getting it along, and 
the danger of rendering it unfit for use on the return trip to Carroll. The mean 
solar chronometer was left with it, in charge of the “‘hotel”-keeper, and the sidereal 
was rolled in a bundle of bedding, and intrusted to the somewhat uncertain fortunes of the packs. 
All other reductions had been made at Eliis, and camp was broken at 8.15 a. m.; the “ outfit” con- 
sisting, besides the party and the engineer soldiers, of three packers, a farrier, eral a cook, in all 
twenty-two persons and thirty-three animals, of which eleven were pack-mules carrying about two 
hundred pounds. 

The trail (a bridle-path only) leads up the valley of Gardiner’s River (which is of considerable 
depth, and slopes steeply down to the water’s edge) across the West Fork, and RC eee ar 
then the East, gradually climbing the eastern side of the valley to a plateau, ley. 
whence on the right of the trail descend the waters of the river, and form a very pretty fall. The 
slopes of the river-valley are composed of loose basaltic débris, making a toilsome path, deeply 
gashed in places by washings from the foot of the great basaltic wall which towers above it on 
the east. Although not insecure, the ascent to the plateau is unnecessarily difficult, and a little 
labor expended upon it would serve to improve it greatly. 

The falls are some 20 feet in width, and make three plunges, estimated at about 

45, 55, and 30 feet each ; in all a descent of 130 feet. 

Leaving the river,{the trail follows up in an easterly direction the shallow valley of a small 
brook called Black Tail Deer Creek, which traverses an open hilly prairie, and 
affords an excellent and easily-traveled road. Reaching the head of the creek, the ie eat eelrctone 
trail bore to the right, through a dry cafiony place to the edge of the valley of ee 
Meadow Brook, where, turning sharply to the left, it descends along a steep high slope, out of which 
the narrow fal is cut, to a fine open meadow, ell grassed and watered, where camp was made, 
thirteen miles from the springs. Several of the party rode on a mile and a half yo ome River 
farther to the Yellowstone River. It was found to be a foaming torrent, some 60 tear the falls. 
feet in width, with steep rocky banks. The water, a rich green in hue, was broken into pools and 
eddies by obstructing bowlders, and a strong odor of sulphur pervaded the air. ,,, wedeke over aus 
Spanning the stream is a rough bridge some 80 feet in length, res tiug upon cribs Yellowstone. 
at either extremity, and affording a passage to the east bank, where, at a short distance from the 
“bridge”, is the “ranch” of Jack Baronet. 

Two or three miles below the “ bridge”, the two forks of the Yellowstone unite, and, to the 
traveler approaching it, the locality is marked by a large flat-topped butte, with steep escarpments, 
which stands in the angle, and from its shape is a noticeable object, contrasting with the pointed 
hills and peaks which surroundit. The West Fork drains the lake, and the East, a mountainous dis- 
trict not yet thoroughly examined. 


The pack ‘‘ outfit.” 


Gardiner’s River Falls. 


20 RECONNAISSANCE FROM CARROLL, MONTANA, 


Rain fell again during the afternoon and night, and our experience of the weather in the park 
seemed to be similar to that of Captain Jones, as recorded in his report. On one 
day only of the two weeks passed in the park did we fail to have rain or shower, 
and night observations were in consequence greatly interfered with. 

August 16.—Camp was broken at 8.30. The herd had wandered during the night, and a couple 
of hours were lost in getting them in and ready for the road. The pack-mules had 
been employed on similar duty just before, and heavily laden. The construction or 
adjustment of the army pack-saddle is doubtless capable of great improvement; at any rate, the 
backs and shoulders of the animals were in very bad condition, and one of them was found to be so 
unfit for a load that it was necessary to leave him at the bridge. 

While in the park, as there was no grain for the animals, they were allowed free range at night, 
and the grazing is so plentifuland nutritious that the majority of them held their own, although the 
work was occasionally severe. There need be little or no apprehension from Indians, and guards 
were not posted after leaving the Mammoth Springs. 

The trail from Meadow Brook leads up the left bank of the Yellowstone, winding among some 
low hills, and at four and a half miles from camp makes a precipitous plunge into 
the valley of Tuwer Creek, crossing which it ascends the opposite bank by a more 
gradual incline. The stream is a strong rapid brook, 12 or 15 feet in width, and a foot or two in 
depth, with a stony bed, the waters fed from the snow-fields of the mountains. A 
short distance below the crossing are the falls, which leap down 150 feet into a 
narrow, dark canon some 480 feet in depth. Basaltic-tufa cones and columns in the vicinity of the 
fall have suggested the name, and all the surroundings are picturesque in the highest degree. The 
finest view of the falls can be gained from a projecting spur on the south bank just below them, 
whence both the cafion and the ereek-valley above can be seen. The stream discharges into the 
Yellowstone River near by, and at its mouth very fine fishing rewards the visitor. 

There seem to be two varieties of trout here, the bulky ones of the Yellowstone, with bright- 
yellow bellies and stripings of red, and a smaller kind more silvery in appearance, 
and exhibiting much greater activity and game qualities. These latter seemed to 
come generally from the creek. The mouth of the ereek may be called the lower end of the Grand 
Cation, which extends up the river some sixteen miles to the foot of the Great Falls. 

Leaving the creek, the trail, alternately rising and falling, and curving to the right and left, 
gains the foot of a long, somewhat rolling ascent, which finally attains the western 
shoulder of Mount Washburne. The flanks of this incline fall steeply on both 
sides, displaying to the west an ocean of deep-green pine, surrounded by ragged, bare pinnacles, and 
to the east breaking into the foot-hills of Washburne. This incline is approximately located on 
Raynolds’s map, and called the Elephant’s Back, which name has on some later maps been trans- 
ferred to a minor elevation near the Yellowstone Lake. The name is appropriate and descriptive, 
and, haying been given by the first topographer of the region, should be allowed to have its original 
application. . 

Over this the trail by a gradual ascent reaches a high point on Mount Washburne, passing 
between banks of snow, which had remained unmelted by the summer’ssun. Here, leaving the trail, 

Summit of Mount the party ascended to the summit of the mountain. The climb was made in less 
Washinozne than an hour, and can almost be accomplished on horseback, so rounded is the 
mountain-top, although consideration for the saddle-horses would suggest making it on foot. In 
passing some stunted pines near the trail, it was observed that there were no branches or twigs on 
the northwest side of the tree, and that those which sprung from the northeast and southwest sides 
were twisted back and trailed away to the southeast. The explanation of this was not long in 
doubt. Reaching the summit, the whole panorama of the park sprung into view: the lake, with 
deeply sinuous shores and silver surface, interspersed with islands, with the Yellowstone Biver 
crooking away from it toward us, was set, as it were, in a vast expanse of green, rising and falling 
in huge billows, above which here and there jets of steam arose like spray; the encircling peaks, 
ragged and snow-clad, almost too numerous to count; Mount Humphreys, thirty or forty miles 
southeast, Sheridan and Hancock the same distance to the south, and beyond and above them, 


Rain io the park. 


Army pack-mules. 


Tower Creek. 


Tower Falls. 


Trout. 


Elepbant’s Back. 


TO YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK. 21 


ninety miles away, looking almost mysterious from their distance and vast height, the Tetons, of a 
pale purple hue, with their piercing summits glittering like icebergs. Only to the southeast, look- 
ing toward the great Idaho Desert, did a space appear which showed no prominent peaks. We had 
searcely time to more than glance at this superb landscape, while resting and eating lunch with the 
aid of a batful of snow from a neighboring bank, when a ferocious squall of hail, rain, and snow 
burst upon us from the northwest, and swept us like dust from the bald summit of the mountain. 
We were instantly conipelled to seek shelter on the lee side, where, cowering and half-frozen, we 
awaited the passing of the storm. Motion, however, was absolutely essential to warmth; so, with- 
out again trusting the untender mercies of the mountain, over which the wind 
still blew keen and cold, we plunged into a deep ravine leading steeply down its 
western flank, and regained the trail at the foot. The storm had wet the rich black mold, and 
made the path slippery and difficult through the densest timber of spruce and pine, where hardly 
sufficient cutting had been done to afford the narrowest of passage-ways. The projecting branches 
flapped back their freight of rain-drops into our faces and clothing, and many of the broken twigs 
bore trophies snatched from the packs. 

There were several sharp pitches into and out of the valleys of small brooks, which could easily 
be avoided. At present, the trail is unnecessarily hilly and fatiguing, although delightful on account 
of the fine forest and the great number and variety of the flowers. The grass is everywhere luxu- 
riant and sweet, the brooks are frequent, and flow in all directions, and camp could be made at 
almost any point. The trail, however, might be greatly improved by means of a little well-directed 
labor and the exercise of better judgment in selecting it. The work of a pack or saddle animal is 
vastly increased by unnecessary ascents and descents, which both their conformation and the posi- 
tion of the load render arduous, and the easiest road is one of even grade, though it be thrice the 
length of the more direct one. : 

Ascending to alow divide between two mountains, the valley of Cascade Creek was reached and 

followed to camp. The last three or four miles were over a meadow whichin many yy... nt washburne 
places was wet and very boggy. ‘The hail here had fallen in considerable quantity, fo.cembion Cascade 
and whitened all the ground; the sky was dark, and the air raw and wintry. 
Camp was made on the east bank of the creek, where it leaves the meadow and enters the narrow, 
steep valley through which it reaches the Yellowstone. A roaring camp-fire soon restored the 
warmth and cheerfulness of the party, which had been somewhat impaired by the shivering weather. 
We were only about a mile from the falls, and after everything had quieted down to silence their 
deep roar became vaguely audible. The evening was again cloudy and rainy. Distance traveled 
during the day estimated at eighteen miles. 

August 17.—Lay over in camp to visit the falls. The night had been cold, and by 8 a. m. the 
hail of yesterday had not disappeared. Waiting an hour longer for the sun to dry 
the heavy grass, we took on foot the trail which led us to the brink of the river- 
valley, half-way between the Upper and the Lower Fall, which are half a mile apart. Reserving the 
Lower Fall, whose deep thunder we could now plainly hear, we descended toward the Upper, and, 
after a short scramble over loose trachytic blocks, climbed out upon a point which, projecting into 
the cafion below the fall, furnished a fine view of it almost en face. The river makes a sharp bend 
to the eastward just above the fall, which in consequence fronts nearly at right angles to the gen- 
eral direction. From the sharp and narrow pinnacle on which we stood, or rather to which we clung, 
the cataract, some 150 feet distant, was exposed in its full height and beauty. It — upper ran,i0 feet 
is a slanting one, having a base of perhaps one-half its altitude, which, as measured ™ b“sht 
by a cord brought for the purpose and marked in ten-foot lengths, is 110 feet. The water leaps down 
its rocky slope between black, shining walls of trachyte, and its pure green is broken into foam and 
spray from the very summit. Irom the foot the currents of air drove the clouds of vapor up the 
steep sides of the cation, which were clothed in vegetation of the freshest and most brilliant hue, 
while a double rainbow illumined the surface of the stream below. The picture was certainly a 
beautiful oné, and we hung over it in delight for an hour, which, with the thunder of the Lower 
Fall still fresh in recollection, was all the time we could afford. Half an hour of rough climbing 
over bowlders and loose trachytic blocks, across Cascade Creek, and down the side 
of the main valley, brought us to a small plateau at the very crest of the main fall, 


Mount Washburne. 


Yellowstone Falls. 


Upper Fall. 


2p, RECONNAISSANCE FROM CARROLL, MONTANA, 


and almost at the water’s edge, where the eye could plunge into the vast chasm below the fall, 
known as the Grand Cation. I had not time to think of it then, but was afterward not a little 
amused to remember that we passed on the way one of the men who, seated on the bank, was pen- 
sively watching for a trout to seize his grasshopper. He had evidently wearied of too much bacon 
and scenery, and proposed a change at least of diet. 

The view of the Grand Cafion from the point where we stood is perhaps the finest piece of scenery 
in the world. I can conceive of no combination of pictorial splendors which could unite more 
potently the two requisites of majesty and beauty. 

Close at hand, the river narrowed in its bed to a width of some 70 feet and with a depth of 4 

LowerFall, height OF 5 feet, through the pure deep green of which the hardly wavering outlines of 
310 feet. the brown bowlders beneath are distinctly visible, springs to the crest with an 
intensity of motion that makes its clear depths fairly seem to quiver. Just before making the plunge, 
the stream is again contracted, and the waters are thrown in from both sides toward the center, so 
that two bold rounded prominences or buttresses, as it were, are formed where green and white com- 
mingle. Lying prostrate, and looking down into the depth, with the cold breath of the canon fan- 
ning the face, one can see that these ribs continue downward, the whole mass of the fall gradually 
breaking into spray against the air, until lost in the vast cloud of vapor that hides its lowest third, 
and out of which comes up a mighty roar that shakes the hills and communicates a strange vibra- 

Lower Fall ana tion to the nerves. From far below this cloud emerges a narrow, green ribbon, 
Grand Canon. winding and twisting, in which the river is hardly recognizable, so dwarfed is it, 
and creeping with so oily and sluggish a current, as though its fall had stunned it. On either hand, 
the walls of the cafion curve back from the plunging torrent, and rise weltering with moisture to 
the level of the fall, again ascending 500 or 600 feet to the pine-fringed margin of the caion; pinna- 
cles and towers projecting far into the space between, and seeming to overhang their bases. 

These details are comparatively easy to give, but how find words which shall suggest the mar- 
velous picture asa whole! The sun had come out after a brief shower, and, shining nearly from the 
meridian straight into the caiion, flooded it with light, and illuminated it with a wealth and lux- 
uriance of color almost supernatural. 

The walls appeared to glow with a cold, inward radiance of their own, and gave back tints of 
orange, pink, yellow, red, white, and brown, of a vividness and massiveness hopeless to describe, 
and which would overtax the powers of the greatest artist to portray. The lower slopes, wet with 
spray, were decorated with the rich hue of vegetation, while through the midst the river, of a still 
more brilliant green, far below pursued its tortuous course, and the eye followed it down through 
this ocean of color until two or three miles away a curve in the cation hid it from view and formed 
its own appropriate background. 

The height of the fall, as ascertained by attaching a heavy weight to the measured cord, and 

Measurement of lowering it down, is 310 feet. The first attempt to get the height was made from 
the Lower Fall. the little plateau by the side of the crest, but the spray soon hid the weight from 
view, and the water so tore at it that it was impossible to tell when the bottom had been reached. 
A point was found, however, to the left and in advance of the crest and some eighty feet above it, 
from which the weight fell nearly vertically, and by aid of the colored tags which marked the in- 
tervals of the cord could be followed with the eye until it reached the brink of the stream below. 
From this same point, a sort of perch upon the very border of the precipice, can be had a most 
comprehensive view at once of fall and canon. 

After making the measurement, we ascended the side of the canon, and climbed out to one of 
the projecting pinnacles, half a mile farther down stream, whence a full view of the fall was 
obtained. It was remarkable to note how small a portion of the view was actually filled by the fall 
itself. Tremendous as it is, it seems but a minor incident in the picture constructed on the huge 
scale of the canon. 

From the projecting point, the width of the chasm across the top was estimated from the range 

Lower Fallana Of a carefully-sighted rifle at 700 yards. This, however, is greater than the aver- 
Ss age width, the caiion just below narrowing considerably and gaining at the same 
time in depth, which is about 300 yards. The corresponding cross-section would be similar to that 


TO YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK. 23 


in the accompanying sketch, which is intended to show the dimensions just below the fall, and 
another section farther down. 


———— 600 yds,x———~~ ___ 


A 


| 

| 

! 
g 

SS 
s 
ir] 

' 

1 


\ ' 
N ® 
Sections of cafion just below the Lower Fall and farther down. Scale, 600 feet to 1 inch. 


The descent to the bottom of the cation from the east side is comparatively easy. From the 
west side it has also been accomplished, but it is toilsome and not unattended with danger, and the 
time necessary to descend and return would be considerable. Among other See 
improvements that suggest themselves to the visitor as proper to be made in the pune Pep ieatori dist 
future is the construction of facilities for making this descent, such as rude but 
strong ladders, which could readily be placed in position where their aid would obviate all danger 
and decrease the fatigue. One of the party made an attempt to get down, but lost time in looking 
for the most favorable place, and the afternoon waning, he was compelled to abandon the under- 
taking. 

August 18.—The morning opened cold and foggy. Camp was broken at 8. Took the trail 
which crosses Cascade Creek near the river by a steep pitch, and after a short ride Break camp for the 
over hilly ground and through timber reached comparatively open ground on the = /#* 
bank of the river, which was there 100 to 200 yards wide, and peaceful enough, flowing with smooth, 
gentle current, between low, grassy banks. The pack-train meanwhile had taken a trail somewhat 
farther to the westward, which avoided the steep descent into Cascade Creek and made an easier 
crossing of it. The two trails united at a small creek discharging into the river, crossed it, and 
through dense timber climbed around the shoulder of a mountain to again descend into the broad 
open valley of Alum Creek. This is a shallow, sluggish stream of tepid, undrink- 
able water, some 30 feet in width and an inch or two deep, with a general north- 
east course to the Yellowstone. Off to the right, across an open prairie, appeared the Sulphur 
Springs, or Soda Mountain, as it has been called, which we visited. Some forty 
or fifty acres are covered with extinct and active springs and their deposits. Pure 
sulphur in considerable quantity is distributed over the surface. Several springs were boiling 
violently, one of them to a height of 3 or 4 feet, and emitting large volumes of steam. Pursuing 
the course again toward the river, over a hilly prairie, and crossing one or two creeks and arms 
of the river, and a broad meadow, the borders of which were springy and boggy, the trail led to the 
edge of some timber, soon after entering which the Mud Geysers were found. We 
passed on to a small pine grove, favorably situated for camp near the river and 
twelve miles distant from Cascade Creek. Leaving the horses, we returned on foot to examine 
the geysers. The main one is a bubbling pool of muddy, hot water, some 50 or 60 feet across, 
with a sloping shore 4 or 5 feet high, and numerous small vents and springs within the perime- 
ter. The water is thick with gray, unwholesome-looking mud, and exhales a fcetid odor. 

Another geyser, much more impressive in appearance, which however has not been seen to spout, 
at least of late years, has a crater some 50 feet in diameter and 25 feet deep, narrowing at the bot- 
tom to a mud pool of the consistence of boiling mush, about 15 feet across. From the northwest 
side of this a perpetual boiling takes place, with a threatening roar and huge clouds of steam. If 
the mud apparently splashed upon the trees in the vicinity would serve as an indication, when an 
explosion does take place the display must be a very fineone. The “ Devil’s Workshop” is a small 
steam spring issuing from a little cavern apparently 15 or 20 feet in depth horizontally, but con- 


Alum Creek. 


Sulphur Springs. 


Mud Geysers. 


24 RECONNAISSANCE FROM CARROLL, MONTANA, 


stantly obscured by a great volume of vapor. Hollow, bubbling noises continually issue from it, 
which simulate, by aid of the cavern, the metrical clang and clash of great pieces of machinery, 
turning and splashing, accompanied by a recurring hiss of escaping steam. About 4 p. m., pistol- 
shots from the Mud Geyser summoned us to witness an explosion. The water had risen gradually 
until the smaller springs were submerged and the basin enlarged to its full dimensions. Near the 
center, the geyser was boiling and bubbling actively, and soon spurted to a height of 5 or 6 feet, 
falling and rising again, and after about three minutes of excitement subsided, the water lowered, 
being gradually swallowed down the several orifices, and the discharge was over. The geyser has 
a period of about 44 hours, and several of the subsequent eruptions were witnessed. None 
exceeded 10 or 15 feet in height. The force is evidently weakening, as indeed the large number of 
dead and dying thermal springs seen in other localities additionally testify. This geyser has been 
known in previous years to spout 50 and 75 feet. There is still, however, a wonderful amount of 
force at work, and in a marvelous variety of forms. 

The fish taken from the river near camp were in appearance large and fine, weighing two pounds 
and upward; but out of the large number caught, all, with one exception, were 
affected by the worm mentioned by previous visitors and described by Professor 
Leidy. The appearance and health of the trout do not seem to be noticeably injured by them, but 
the presence of the worm in the flesh can almost invariably be detected from a slight protuberance 
or rounding-out on the sides. Laying this open, the worm is found, white, the size of a knitting- 
needle, and twisted in the flesh. We made no experiments to determine the flavor of these fish, 
although many of the men ate them heartily and pronounced them perfectly good. It is certainly 
most unfortunate that these fine fish should be so spoiled for the table. They abound in the lake 
and river, and, affording the finest sport, would be an immense attraction could they be used for 
food. 

August 19.—Without moving camp, we rode seven or eight miles to a “ ranch” in a grove on the 
west shore of the lake. From the Mud Geyser, the trail led through alternate for- 
est and river side, with an occasional marsh, the landscape generally quiet and 
pastoral. Ascending upon a high prairie point, the lake lay before us, a beautiful sheet of water, 
with deeply-indented shores, and the wooded mountains closing it in on all sides. We chartered a 
small center-board cat-riggéd sail-boat, cleverly constructed by the owner of pine cut out of the for- 
est with a whip-saw, and crossed to the east shore. The water appeared filled with a round green- 
ish seed, probably of some aquatic plant, and little windrows of the same seed lay upon the beach, 
thrown up by the waves. Some trout were taken with a spoon on the way over, all wormy, and a 
squall or two gave variety to the sail and tested the weatherly qualities of the boat. 

We passed the mouth of Pelican Creek, in the valley of which large numbers of thermal 
springs have been found, and landed near Steamboat Point, seven miles from the 
starting-point. Two or three steam-vents were seen, and one of them on the far- 
ther side of the point hassuggested the name. From a small aperture, colorless superheated steam 
escapes with a hiss and roar that indicate an excessive tension, and imitating precisely the blowing- 
off from a full boiler. Multitudes of grasshoppers, unwittingly encountering the steam, had met 
instant death. 

From the projecting point, some 12 feet above the water, the finest fly-fishing was found. An 
are of nearly 180° could be covered with the fly in from 6 to 10 feet of water, out into the lake as 
far as the skill of the fisherman would admit. The fish, though sometimes gorged with grasshop- 
pers, would rise eagerly to the fly, and weighed from 14 to 4 pounds and upward. The largest meas- 
ured 20 inches in length. None of them could be eaten. 

August 20.—The trail to the Great Geyser Basin breaks away from the vicinity of the Mud Gey- 

ne ser to the west and north over an open sage-brush prairie, gradually becoming 

Divide between 5 A . pees 

Yellowstone and more hilly, crosses Alum Creek near its head, and following up a small coulé with 
MattPOERENers: flowing water at six miles from camp, climbs a hill and enters a heavy forest richly 
grassed. The ascent through this forest to the summit of the divide between the Yellowstone and 
Madison Basins is very gentle from the east. Two or three groups of sulphur springs were passed 
on the way. The descent from the divide into Madison Valley is precipitous, winding down a drop 
of a thousand feet through fallen and burned timber, and over a rocky, bare, and stony soil destitute 


Wormy trout. 


Yellowstone Lake. 


Steamboat Point. 


TO YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK. 25 


of grass. Reaching the border of the valley of the Hast Fork of Madison River, the wast work of Mad- 
trail winds along the foot-hills, to avoid an alkaline, boggy meadow, finally crosses 8" River. 

the meadow and two or three alkaline brooks, in which the animals mired badly, and follows down 
the bank of the East Fork, which was forded two or three times. The stream is 10 to 20 feet wide 
and 2 or 3 feet deep; a clear, swift current and gravelly bottom, the water tepid and alkaline from 
the numerous hot springs which discharge into it. Camp was made in a grove of Gap tecteawer 
pine, after having traversed a pass between two hills which project into the Lower Geyser Basin. 
Geyser Basin. A small rill furnished a sufficient supply of good water, but the grazing was infe- 
rior. Several hot springs had been passed before reaching camp, and to the south the geysers ap- 
peared covering alarge area. The distance traveled during the day was about twenty-six miles. 

The upper valley of the Madison, including those of the forks, is quite barren and unattractive, 
owing probably to the action of the chemical hot springs which abound everywhere. The border- 
ing hills are stony and bare, and at the time of our visit were covered with dead and burned timber. 
The landscape in consequence is uninviting, the grass poor, and good camping-places, such as can 
be made at almost any point in the Yellowstone Basin, are not to be found. 

August 21.—The morning was devoted to the examination of the springs and geysers of the 
Lower Basin, which are very numerous, and cover a large extent of ground, the — Lower Geyser Ba: 
principal ones being about half a mile to the southward and eastward of camp. * 
Minute descriptions of them have been published, and a detailed account is here unnecessary. Some 
are boiling, others spouting springs, the latter generally intermittent. On a high mound built by 
the geyser, we found a large pool about 25 by 15 feet, which was known to play, and the discharge 
of which we awaited. The water, of a deep azure hue and a surpassing clearness, was rising grad- 
ually but constantly to the level of its scalloped and ornamented rim, constantly becoming hotter, 
with bubbles of steam escaping more and more rapidly. Ebullition began near the middle, and the 
geyser finally commenced to spout, throwing the water about in all directions and to heights vary- 
ing from 10 to 50 feet. The display continued for over an hour, and we left it playing, but with 
gradually-diminishing force. Meanwhile other smaller geysers in the vicinity played from time to 
time, all apparently independent of each other. The pools of all these, exhibiting every variety of 
form and ornamentation, possessed in common the beautiful azure tint and clearness of the water, 
contrasting finely with the light-gray hue of the silica deposited by them. The margins of all were 
incrusted with this in various forms of bead, coral, and sponge work, and wherever the geyser 
water flowed silicious shale was deposited. 

Passing over a low ridge, afew hundred yards to the southeast, we came upon the “ Paint Pots”. 
This singular phenomenon consists of a “ pool” some 60 by 40 feet, with a raised 
margin of dry and cracked mud, within which numerous mud puffs slowly rose and 
fell, some through the partially liquid mass, which again closed over them, others possessing a small 
crater of their own, to which additions were constantly making from the bursting of the sluggish 
bubbles. The pool displayed various colors, white, yellow, and red predominating, but shading into 
each other very beautifully through all the intermediate and combined tints. The clay was soft and 
smooth to the touch, with scarcely a trace of grit, and near where the bubbles emerged from below 
exceedingly hot. 

Leaving these, and passing by many other springs and small geysers, we went down to the Fire 
Hole River, crossed it, and pushed on up the west bank toward the Upper Basin, Tarcem (ne GaSe 
wherein are situated the Grand Geysers. After some two or three miles of travel >*5"°- 
over fallen timber and through marsh and bog, we came upon some immense springs and pools, boil- 
ing violently and discharging a great amount of water into the river. These exhibited many hues 
of red, yellow, and green, from the presence of iron and vegetable growths; the pure geyser blue 
appearing where the spring was deepest and clearest. From the pools, we continued, passing many 
curious springs and small geysers, and then, crossing to the east bank, pushed rapidly on through 
a sort of caflon on the river, until at about seven miles from camp, in the Lower Basin, we reached 
the lower end of the Upper,-and were at once hurried across to the west bank again to examine the 
‘Grotto”, which began to play as we arrived. This geyser does not spout to any The ‘ Grotto” Gey- 
great height, 20 or 25 feet being the limit, but it is beautiful and interesting from *™ 
the shape of its crater, which, some 12 or 14 feet in height, is curved and convoluted into massive 

4w 


The Paint Pots. 


26 RECONNAISSANCE FROM CARROLL, MONTANA, 


arches and exceedingly gracefulforms. It played whenever we were by to see it, and evidently con- 
tinues in operation for considerable periods, from the dimensions of the crater it has built. These 
craters are all constructed, by the geysers themselves, of the grayish-white silica, or geyserite, depos- 
ited by the cooling of the water; the process being very gradual and slow. The water in all is of 
the same pure clear blue, without a trace of any impurity. The taste, when cool, is the flat, insipid 
one of distilled water. 
Close by the “Grotto” stands the picturesque crater of the Giant”, or ‘‘ Broken Horn”, a geyser 
of the first class. From the aperture of this, large volumes of steam were escaping, and-the water 
was boiling violently 8 or 10 feet below the surface, occasionally rising in huge spurts and splashing 
over, symptoms which led us to watch it unavailingly for an hour in hope of a discharge. 
Meanwhile the pack-train had been making its way along the regular trail up the east bank, and, 
Camp in Upper Teaching the Upper Basin, camp was established in the center of the basin on the 
CRUSE RON. west bank of Fire Hole River, in a small group of trees, with a fairly good marsh 
in front for the cattle. We found the waters of the river cool and palatable, and sufficient wood for 
camping purposes at hand. At short range from camp, and in full view of it, were the first-class 
geysers named “Old Faithful”, the ‘‘Bee Hive”, the ‘‘ Giantess”, the ‘‘ Grand”, and the ‘ Castle”; 
while the ‘“‘ Giant” and “Grotto” were but a short distance farther down stream. Beside these, 
the “ Pyramid” and “ Punch Bowl”, near the ‘“‘ Giant”, could be easily seen. Almost as we reached 
camp, ‘Old Faithful”, which stands at the head of the valley overlooking it, and 
which has earned its name from the regularity of its dischai ges, gave us his first 
display. The time was noted and the second discharge awaited. An hour after, we walked over to 
the elevation which marked his crater, 400 yards from camp. In a few minutes, after some prelim- 
inary spurts and splashes, the geyser, emitting a deep roar which shook the ground, shot up a clear, 
straight shaft of water, which, with two or three rapid impulses, gained an altitude of over 100 feet ; 
clouds of steam towering far above and drifting with the wind. For full five minutes, the superb 
column maintained its height, and then, with some unavailing efforts to check its fall, sank down, 
and was swallowed up in the crater. An examination of this followed. An immense quantity of 
water had been ejected, which, atter bathing the crater and refilling the adjacent pools, flowed down 

Crater of “ola the slopes and discharged by various channels into the river. The crater of “ Faith- 
THE": ful” is one of the most beautiful of all. The lips are molded and rounded into 
many artistic forms, beaded and pearled with opal, while closely adjoining are little terraced 
pools of the clearest azure-hued water, with scalloped and highly-ornamented borders. The wetted 
margins and floors of these pools were tinted with the most delicate shades of white, cream, brown, 
and gray, So soft and velvety it seemed as though a touch would soil them. The material, however, 
is the constant silica, of which also are composed the pretty pebbles which furnish an additional 
charm to the pools. 

The only blemishes on this artistic handiwork had been occasioned by the rude hand of man. 
Vandalism of the Lhe ornamental work about the crater and pools had been broken and defaced in 

VASA: the most prominent places by visitors, and the pebbles were inscribed in pencil 
with the names of great numbers of the most unimportant persons. Such practices should be 
stopped at once. The geysers are more than worthy of preservation. It is not only that they con- 
stitute a superb spectacle in themselves: they are likewise unique, both in performance and design. 
Nature, abandoning for the time all thoughts of utility, seems to have been amusing herself in this 
far-off and long-hidden corner of the world by devoting some of her grandest and most mysterious 
Jowers to the production of forms of majesty and beauty such as man may not hope to rival. 

The geysers, in the slow process of centuries probably, have built up miracles of art, of an 
snduring though brittle material, that can be ruined in five minutes by a vandal armed with an 
Destruction of the @X, and nearly all the craters show signs of the hopeless and unrestrained bar- 
craters by visitors. —_ harity of many of their visitors. It cannot fail to fill the mind with indignation to 
see the utter ruthlessness of these sacrilegious invaders of nature’s sanctuary. To procure a specimen 
of perhaps a pound weight, a hundred pounds have been shattered and destroyed, and always in 
those places where the most cunning art has been displayed, and the ruin produced is correspond- 
ingly great. Upon our arrival in the basin, we found several persons already encamped, and a 


“Old Faithful’. 


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N-PETERS, PHOTO-LITHOGRAPHER, WASHINGTON, 0 C. 


UPPER GEYSER BASIN 


Drawn underthe direction of 


Capt.W. LUDLOW Corps of Engineers, 
To accompany his report. 


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TO YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK. oxi 


whisky-trader snugly ensconced beneath his ’paulin, spread in the shelter of a thick pine. The vis- 
itors prowled about with shovel and ax, chopping and hacking and prying up great pieces of the 
most ornamental work they could find; women and men alike joining in the barbarous pastime. 

With regard to the play of the geysers, our visit was well-timed. Just at twilight, the ‘‘ Bee 
Hive”, 400 feet distant, on the opposite bank of the river, gave an exhibition of its 
power. The crater is a small, conical, gray mound of silica, severely simple and 
unpretentious in appearance, with an aperture of some 18 inches, from which steam gently escapes. 
Near by is a small vent, which is the herald and precursor of its greater neighbor. 

Before the ‘‘ Bee Hive” plays, this vent commences to emit steam loudly, with occasional splashes 
of water. Soon the geyser begins to boil and steam, the water occasionally surging over. Sud- 
denly comes a burst of 15 or 20 feet, and then almosi instantly the slender shaft rises to a height of 
nearly 200 feet. So great is the impetus, and so slender the column, that the water, in its swift 
ascent, is nearly all dissolved into fine spray, which drifts off with the clouds of steam before the 
wind, to fall like rain. The play lasted about three minutes, and ceased as suddenly as it had 
commenced. 

An hour and five minutes after his previous display, ‘ Faithful” again reared his magnificent 
column, and during the night, whenever the roar was heard, we looked out from our tents at the 
grand sight, rendered more beautiful by moonlight. The intervals were exactly 65 minutes in every 
case. 

August 22.—We were aroused at an early hour by the report that the “ Bee Hive” was again 
about to play. This proved a false alarm, but sufficed to draw us across the river, which was some 
25 feet wide and 14 to 2 feet in depth, and while on the opposite bank we examined 
the huge pool of the “ Giantess”, which was known not to have played for some 
weeks, for symptoms of agitation. We found it full to the brim with beautifully clear water, of a 
deep blue, boiling gently, and giving out clouds of steam. It stands upon a hill of silica, 420 feet 
from the “‘ Bee Hive” and 300 yards from camp. 

While waiting for breakfast, attention was called to the Grand Geyser, half a mile below camp, 
on the east bank, which had begun to send out great volumes of steam. Hastily 
mounting the nearest horses, we hurried down to it. The Grand Geyser is 
double, the two orifices 15 or 20 feet apart. The down-stream one has a handsome crater, while the 
other has only an ornamental pool, several feet lower. It is from the pool, however, that the dis- 
charge takes place. Rising with rapidly-succeeding impulses, the column rushed to a height of some 
80 feet, sustained itself for a few seconds, fell, rose again, and receded to its basin. In a minute or 
two, it again shot to the same height, again faltered, rose, and subsided. Still a third effort was 
made and exhausted, and the waters receded until the empty basin was exposed to view, and could 
be examined with impunity. Meanwhile the neighboring geyser was splashing its waters in all 
directions, and discharging clouds of steam, while a steam-vent close at hand kept up a most out- 
rageous roar. Though not so lofty a play as some observed by previous visitors, the exhibition was 
very fine; the swiftly successive pulses of water and steam breaking into beads and spray at inter- 
vals up the full height of the column, accompanied by vast clouds of vapor, and. the mighty roar 
combined to make an imposing and beautiful spectacle. 

The surroundings of the “Grand” are the most ornate of all, and exhibit greater variety and 
beauty than any other. 

The “ Turban”, which stands at the northern edge of the “ pool”, serves to distinguish the gey- 
ser. It is of singular form, highly ornamented, and I experienced almost a pang “Park's Head”, or 
in becoming conscious of an apprehension that I should meet it again somewhere © 7""?8""- 
on exhibition. Some visitor, a little more enterprising than his predecessors, will be sure to detach 
it and carry it off. Shovel and ax had been busy with the geyser, and large quantities had been 
removed. 

While returning to camp, the “‘ Castle”, on the west bank, was observed to be in agitation and 
giving out vast quantities of steam. A discharge soon took place, to a height of 10 
or 15 feet only; but from the commanding position of the geyser and its handsome 
appearance, possessing, as it does, a high mound, richly decorated, and several apertures through 
which it plays at once, the sight is very fine. Several times during the morning it repeated its per- 


The “Bee Hive". 


Pool of the Giantess, 


“The Grand.” 


The ‘Castle’. 


28 RECONNAISSANCE FROM CARROLL, MONTANA, 


formance, rarely exceeding, however, 20 or 25 feet. After breakfast we returned to the “‘ Giantess”, 
which was evidently becoming more excited, and, while awaiting its discharge, examined the 
surroundings more closely. 

The basin is some 25 by 16 feet and 25 or 30 feet in depth, with scalloped margin; 70 feet 
north of this stands a handsome boiling spring, which has built itself a sarcophagns 24 or 3 feet in 
height, like a huge bath-tub, with richly ornamental borders. This operates in sympathy with the 
“Giantess”; is excited, and boils violently with her; and we afterward found it empty and desolate, 
upon the dissipation of her power. 

About 11 o’clock, this, the greatest geyser, gave its first spout, and we continued watching its 
subsequent action until nearly 3 p.m. The water was expelled by a succession of 
violent splashes to a height of 15 to 50 feet, but without at first reaching a great 
altitude. With occasional lulls, the performance went on, the water sometimes being thrown 100 
feet in the air. Large stones and stumps were cast into the basin and hurled instantly to a height 
of 200 feet, the high wind which prevailed at the time preventing the water and steam from attain- 
ing a similar elevation. The water fell occasionally, leaving the basin empty; and by standing on 
the windward side we could look down into it and see the large triangular-shaped vent at the 
bottom, whence issued the transparent steam. Again and again the geyser renewed its strength, 
sending out vast volumes of steam with a deafening roar that shook the whole valley, and occa- 
sionally snatching hold of a new reservoir of water and instantly ejecting it; each fresh access of 
wrath or travail being heralded by deep, mighty thuds, as though some vast machinery were at 
work beneath. The exhibition of enormous power wasted in these prolonged spasms of blind 
rage was both fascinating and terrible, and the imagination, powerfully stimulated in the pres- 
ence of such strength and fury, could not avoid imputing to the scene the attributes of gigantic 
passion and suffering. It seemed as though the geyser, maddened by some inexpressible and 
mysterious torment, were imprisoned beneath and gradually exhausting herself in unavailing 
struggles to escape it by bursting the bonds that held her, the paroxysms of efforts being alternated 
with intervals of stupor, again and again overcome by-her still unabated rage. 

During the afternoon, the ‘ Bee Hive” again played, the high wind depressing its column below 
that of the previous discharge. 

A party, about dark, came in from Virginia City. Following up the valley of the Madison 

Virginia City to River, they had brought two wagons without much difficulty through the Lower 
AG BESTE Basin, but were compelled to leave them a short distance above on account of the 
fallen timber and bog along the trail. The distance to the Upper Basin from Virginia City is one 
hundred and ten miles. 

August 23.—All the first-class geysers had now been favorably seen, with the sole exception of 

The “Giant”, or the “Giant”, toward whose picturesque crater we went, with the intention of devot- 
“Broken Horn". —_ ing the day toit. The “ Broken Horn” is a well-chosen and descriptive name, and 
worthy of being retained. The crater is a steeply conical mound of geyserite, 12 or 15 feet in 
height, tapering toward the summit, and having the west side broken down, or rather partly 
unconstructed. The geyser still boiled strongly, and we felt great bopes of seeing it play. Near by 
are the “Grotto”, seen yesterday, and which played almost constantly during the day; the ‘‘ Pyra- 
mid”, a cone of silica 25 or 30 feet high, with steam slowly escaping from it, but its life now nearly 
extinct; the “‘ Punch Bowl”, and smaller ones, The last-named geyser played frequently during 
the day, some of its exhibitions being very fine. We waited the greater part of the day for the 
“Giant” to give us a display, but though evidently powerfully excited and from time to time arous- 
ing fresh hopes, to our great regret it failed to do so. Returning toward camp, the “Grand” again 
gave indications of strong disturbance, and we remained there for an hour, but without result. 

While waiting, we had additional evidence of the brutality of the average visitors, several of 
whom, of both sexes, were busily chopping and prying out the most characteristic 
and conspicuous ornamental work. An earnest remonstrance was followed by a 
sulky suspension of hostilities, which were, however, no doubt renewed as soon as we were out of 
sight. 

The “Saw Mill”, above the “Grand”, is an interesting geyser. Its lively play, and its quick, 


The ‘‘ Giantess ”. 


More vandalism. 


TO YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK. 29 


energetic spouts of 25 or 30 feet in every direction, are very pleasing, and its 
borders abound in the pretty geyserite pebbles, some smooth, others ornamented, 
and others again resembling a rose-bud, with closely-folded leaves. 

Recrossing to the west side of the river, a vlose examination was made of the “Castle:” it has 
quite a lofty mound, broad, handsomely terraced, and profusely decorated with seal- 
loped pools and little upright pinnacles and towers. It plays with great frequency, 
though not to a height exceeding perhaps 40 feet; still its very frequent flow and almost constant 
escape of large quantities of steam, with its stviking-looking and highly-ornamented crater, con- 
stitute it properly a geyser of the first class. This, too, showed, and even in a greater degree than 
others, how greatly protection against vandalism is needed. From every part of the “Castle” 
pieces had been chopped, loosening quantities of the rock and threatening to ruin the construc- 
tion. Two women, with tucked-up skirts and rubber shoes, armed, one with an ax, the other with 
a spade, were climbing about. Should this continue for another year or two, ‘he beauty of form 
and outline of the geyser-craters would be destroyed. It should be remembered 
that these craters were constructed with the greatest slowness by almost imper- 
ceptible additions, which can only be made by a discharge from the geyser; while the material, 
though hard, is very brittle and easily knocked to pieces. We got back to camp just in time to 
prevent the fall of an uplifted ax, which a woman was evidently about to bring straight down on 
the summit of the “ Bee Hive”, whose modest crater forms so strong a contrast to the grandeur of 
its play. Our shouts fortunately reached her just in time, and subsequent remonstrance induced 
her at any rate to postpone the attack. 

Another party of four men came over in the afternoon from the lake. Including my party, 
there were now some thirty visitors in the basin. 

August 24.—Broke camp for the return to Ellis. I should have liked to return by way of the 
Madison Valley for the purpose of examining that route, which at present is the 
only practicable one for wagons into the park; but I had reason to believe that 
the Missouri River navigation would probably close about September 20, and the long journey of 
three hundred and seventy-five miles back to Carroll had yet to be made, and a few days’ delay at 
Ellis, in order to refit and procure fresh transportation, to be allowed for. We took the back trail 
to the Lower Basin, examining en route the Fan, Riverside, and Sentinel Geysers. The day was 
cold, dark, and wet, the air chill and raw. Below the Upper Basin we met three men going to the 
geysers, each of whom, I supposed, would carry off 20 pounds of specimens and destroy 500. The 
trail between’the two basins is about the worst in the park, and stands in urgent py from taper 
need of improvement, which could readily be effected, and without the use of ‘Lower Basin. 
skilled labor. Timber, fallen and standing, could easily be chopped and thrown aside, and the 
marshy places in great part avoided by making the trail ou higher ground along the foot-hills. 
Jrossing the Lower Basin, which the rain had made wiry, and passing our former camp, we 
continued up the valley of the East Fork, the principal features of which are alkaline marsh, 
dead timber, and little or no grass, the surrounding hills being equally uninteresting to the rapid 
traveler. 

I was desirous, on the score of time, to take the trail direct from the East Fork to Gardiner’s 
River Springs, but a brief examination convinced me that nothing would be gained, Faill back to the 
as it was obstructed with fallen timber. The ascent out of the Madison Valley 1° 
to the divide was laboriously made, the rise being fully 1,000 feet, and the back trail down the 
Yellowstone slope pursued. The Sulphur Springs, three in number, were briefly examined en route. 
They exhibit considerable activity, though evidently waning in force. The jets of vapor deposit 
small cones of nearly pure sulphur. 

Emerging from the timber, and soon after reaching the head of Alum Creek, we left the trail 
going on to the Mud Geyser, and inclining to the left crossed a range of prairie-hills, and followed 
down the left bank of Alum Creek until the main trail down the Yellowstone was reached. This 
was pursued for two or three miles farther, and camp made in a drenching rain on a small creek, 
which we named ‘Jay Creek,” and near the point where the two trails from Cascade Creek had united 
coming up. We had traveled for eleven hours and made about thirty-six miles. 


The “Saw Mill”. 


The ‘‘Castle”’. 


Geyser craters. 


The return to Ellis. 


30 RECONNAISSANCE FROM CARROLL, MONTANA, 


August 25.—Took the back trail over which the pack-train had traveled on the journey out, past 
our former camp of the 16th and 17th on Cascade Oreek, and up the ecreek-valley. The day was 
very wet and cold, and desirous as I was of again looking at the Grand Cafion, I was unwilling to 
impair my vivid recollection of it by seeing it for the last time deprived of its marvelous wealth 
and brillianey of color. 

As we neared the belt of hills stretching nearly east and west across the trail, and commenced 
to ascend the shoulder of one of them, we were greeted with a sharp burst of hail, followed by suc- 
cessive gusty showers. The rain made the mountain-trail a hard one, turning the rich, black mold 
in the narrow bridle-path to a slippery mud, and making the up and down grades equally severe on 
the animals. The trail gradually ascends from the head of Cascade Creek to the divide between 
two mountains, thence following partly the valley of another creek, which rises nearly at the sum- 
mit of the divide, descends a long winding slope, with many fatiguing and unnecessary rises and 
falls, until the west part of Mount Washburne is reached. Ascending this rap- 
idly but laboriously to the shoulder, we were in a few minutes enveloped in a 
blinding snow-storm from the west and north, which forbade another ascent to the summit of the 
mountain, and continued until we were about to descend from the Elephant’s Back. The ther- 
mometer fell below freezing, the wind blowing in furious gusts, and the snow occasionally turning 
to hail, with frequent splashes of rain. As we were about leaving the Elephant’s Back, half 
frozen and entirely discontented with the weather, a change took place. A rift suddenly opened 
in the clouds to the northward, and rapidly widening disclosed the mountain-tops brilliantly white 
with fresh-fallen snow, which reflected the clear rays of the sun; the dense strata of clouds drifting 
black and heavy beneath: the sun soon after reached us with grateful warmth. 

The trail winds rapidly down to Tower Creek, just before reaching which two deer were seen, the 
only game animals we encountered in the park. A number of trout were taken at the mouth of the 
creek, and we were much disappointed to find that out of twenty-five cooked for supper two certainly 
were affected by the worm previously mentioned. It has been hitherto stated, and generally 
believed, that the wormy trout were confined to the lake and river above the falls. It afterward 
appeared that one captured in Cottonwood Creek between Ellis and Baker, and several from Deep 
Creek east of Baker, were affected in the same way. Camp was made at the former place on 
Meadow Brook, and rain came on again in the evening. 

August 26.—A visit was paid to Baronet’s Ranch, across the bridge, in the forks. We found 

Baronet’s Ranch there a large collection of specimens from Amethyst Mountain, on the east side of 
DiGi) Hee the river, a locality which we had not time to visit. The specimens were mainly 
impure amethysts and forms of quartz chalcedony, &c. 

The weather continued unpropitious as ever, and in a drenching rain the back trail up Meadow 

Trail from the Brook was resumed. In such weather, the trail is difficult and in places not a little 
Cee er hives dangerous. It leads along and ascends slopes of clay which the rain makes exceed- 
SIDES ingly treacherous and slippery, where a misstep would precipitate a mule with 
its pack or a horse with its rider down several hundred feet. A great improvement could be 
made with comparatively little labor by widening the trail and placing rocks on its outer edge. Rain 
fell all day, with occasional intervals of sunshine; the trail over the broad rolling divide between 
the Yellowstone and Gardiner’s River affording a good road, however, even in such weather. The 
Gardiner’s River Falls were passed, and the long, sloping descent made into the valley, out of which 
we again climbed to the springs, just before reaching which camp was made. The rain lasted all 
night with great severity; the temperature steadily falling nearly to the freezing-point. Soon after 
our arrival, an ambulance from Ellis reached the springs, bringing Major Benham and his wife, who 
were about to make a tour of the park. 

August 27.—Leaving Lieutenant Thompson in charge of the party, I took the ambulance, and 
accompanied by Mr. Wood set out for Ellis, desiring to precede the party and gain time by having 
transportation ready to take us on to Carroll. The mountains and hills were covered with heavy 
snow but two or three hundred feet above us. The roads were exceedingly muddy and slippery; 
fresh rain falling at intervals during the day. At the toll-house, a certified memorandum of the 
Government transportation taken over the road was given to the proprietors. The tolls charged 
each way were $5.50 for a six-mule team, $4 for a four-mule team, and $1 for a single animal. 


Mount Washburne. 


TO YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK. 31 


Bottler’s Ranch was reached at 5 p. m., and very good meals and lodging obtained. We 
observed a small herd of cattle near by, with which three young buffalo were 
apparently entirely domesticated. 

I was informed that the gold washings at Emigrant Gulch, adjoining the peak of the same 
name, were this year paying well; the owners taking out $10 to $25 per man, and Washingaat Tent: 
the net profit on each laborer being $5 to $15 per day. ; Brant Gulous 

August 28.—Started at 7a.m. The heavy rains had cleared up in a hard white frost. The 
Bottlers have about 90 acres under cultivation, irrigating from the mountains. 

Under the bright sky, Emigrant Peak looked exceedingly handsome: the upper 2,000 feet covered 
with a broad mantle of new-fallen snow, and the air washed clean of all impurities, brought out with 
exceeding clearness the noble outlines and rich coloring. The road out of the Yellowstone Valley 
up Trail Creek needs additional work upon it, side-cutting and bridging. That down Coal and 
Rocky Caiion Creek is capable still of great improvement. Ellis was reached at 
2.30 p. m. 

August 29.—Rain fell all day. The Gallatin valley was a sea of mud. 

August 30.—Rain continued throughout the day. At 2p. m., Lieutenant Thompson, with the 
party and pack-train, arrived. 

August 31.— Weather showed no signs of improving. The necessary transportation could not 
be procured at the post, and it became necessary to hire a citizen’s team in Bozeman. 
September 1.—Still raining. This prolonged continuance of wet was pro- 

nounced to be unparalleled in the valley. 

September 2.—Still raining. Despairing of any cessation of bad weather, I determined to make 

a start and try to get over the ground if only a few miles a day. Accordingly pulled out of Ellis 
in the afternoon with a train consisting of a four-mule ambulance, a six-mule team, Transportation out 
and a citizen’s team, consisting of six mules and a wheel-team of two broncos or °% Pls. 
Montana ponies, the eight hauling a wagon and atrail-wagon. This is the ordinary freight-wagon of 
the Territory. The trail is attached to the lead-wagon by a broad, short tongue, at the extremity 
of which an iron eye fits upon the pintle or trail-hook, projecting from the rear of the rear axle. 
Both wagons are provided with powerful brakes, which are set in descending hills. The two wagons 
can together carry over fair roads from 6,000 to 8,000 pounds. The escort consisted of two ser- 
geants and eight men of the cavalry. 

By 9 p. m., the train, with the greatest difficulty, had made about six miles only, and camp was 
pitched in Bridger Creek Valley. The trail-wagon had to be left for the night some two or three 
miles back. Unfortunately, this wagon contained the greater part of our bedding and personal 
belongings, and, as the temperature was very low, water freezing in the buckets, the night was 
anything but a comfortable one. 

September 3.—Sent back and brought up the trail, after which, with almost infinite labor, we 
made four miles and camped. Much of the difficulty of hauling over this Bridger 
Pass could be obviated by cutting and rough-bridging, with the labor of troops. 

Three of the party came into camp late. They had been hunting in the pass; had seen a num- 
ber of elk on Bridger Mountain, and killed two or three. 

September 4.—Broke camp at 7, with the sun shining, and pulled up the long hill, the descent 
from which reaches Brackett’s Creek. This hill is a plain illustration of the slight trouble required 
to avoid excessive labor. A road around this hill, nearly on a level grade, might easily be made. 
In fact, the road is there, except that in one place, for a hundred yards, the slope is so steep as to 
imperil the equilibrium of a heavily-loaded wagon. A half-day’s work with fifty men would make 
it entirely practicable. From Brackett’s Creek there is a road leading down it for a short distance ; 
then north, up the valley of Shield’s River, past the Three Peaks, to the headwater of the South 
Fork of Musselshell. It was represented, however, that this road was marshy in places, and, with 
the immense amount of rain which had fallen, would probably be impassable. I coucluded, there- 
fore, to take, in preference, the more hilly route over which we had come from Baker. About dark, 
after ten miles of very laborious pulling, camp was made on the-north side of the mountains, at 
the intersection of two small streams flowing out of the pass. 

September 5.—Pulled out at. 6.30, and, after great difficulty, and with continual doubling of 


Bottler’s Ranch. 


Arrive at Ellis, 


Heavy rain. 


Bridger Pass. 


32 RECONNAISSANCE FROM CARROLL, MONTANA, 


teams and dropping the trail-wagon, which had again to be brought up, we got clear of the foot- 
hills at the entrance of the pass. Crossing the creek, which flows from the westward out of Flat- 
head Pass, and its broad meadow-valley, we continued past the camp of August 8, and over the 
roiling sage-brush prairie to Cottonwood Creek, where we camped, having made sixteen miles. 
During the day, three of the party ascended the mountains on the west of Bridger Pass, and obtained 
a superb view over the Gallatin Valley beyond. 

September 6.—Broke camp at 7. Fair progress was made, but the effect of the wet weather 

Camp-on South Was Still evident in the lower places, and wherever a small ereek crossed the road. 
Fork of DeepCreek. Fourteen miles from Cottonwood Creek we passed Sixteen Mile Creek, and inclin- 
ing eastward, and leaving the Baker road, made camp three miles farther on, at the head of the 
south fork of Deep Creek. There was but little wood in camp; the grass and water, however, being 
good. 

September 7.—Taking Reynolds, the guide, I started on in advance of the train for the forks of 
the Musselshell, with the double object in view of intercepting the Carroll mail-stage at that point, 
with probable advices for me, and of obtaining, if possible, some additional, or at least fresh, trans- 
portation, the animals having been greatly pulled down by the severity of the work since leaving 
Ellis. 

Leaving the head of Deep Creek, the trail crosses a divide 200 or 300 feet high, and strikes the 
head of the South Fork of the Musselshell, which it follows to the janction with the North Fork. 

The route for five or six miles is rough and broken, but finally follows the creek, which flows 
SouthForkof Mus. gently in a wide, fairly-grassed valley, surrounded by mountains. Many hundreds 

en of cattle were grazing in this valley, which is an excellent stock-range. The 
“Forks” were reached at noon, thirty miles from camp. Captain Ball’s company of the Second 

Forks of Mussel. Cavalry and Rawn’s of the Seventh Infantry were in camp on the broad, level 
shell: tongue of land in the angle of the two streams. This camp is just on the border 
of the Indian range; is well supplied with all the principal requisites of wood, water, and forage; 
and would be an admirable location for a permanent post for the protection of the Carroll road and 

Remarks and sug the thriving settlements to the westward. ‘ese districts are threatened almost 
Le atin every summer with forays by the Indians, from which garrisons far in their rear 
GIDE OH EOE could scarcely avail to guard them. These hostile invasions are always sudden 
and generally unforeseen, and only the promptest movements of troops can be of effect. It is not 
difficult to see that such movements would be greatly expedited and their effect by so much increased 
by meeting the Indians at the very door, as it were, and punishing them there, rather than by 
trusting to the uncertain chance of overtaking them after the depredations had been committed. 
The garrison and post of Camp Baker, for example, moved forward and established anew at the 
forks of the Musselshell, would make almost secure the whole country behind, and, in addition, 
would afford a most favorable point from which to send out scouts and reconnaissances, or, on occa- 
sion, to initiate a campaign into the Indian country. Another consideration would be that the 
farther east such a post was established the cheaper and easier it would be to supply. 

September 8.—The train came in at 9 a. m., having camped for the night five or six miles back. 
Campat Hoppley's 1 Was fortunate enough, through the kindness of Lieutenant English, Seventh 
aes Infantry, to obtain the loan for two days of an additional six-mule team, with 

which at noon we pulled out on the Carroll road, in company with Captain Browning and Lieuten- 
ant Woodruff, Seventh Infantry, made the twenty miles to Hoppley’s Hole, and camped by a spring 
just north of the road. Wood was obtained from the eastern margin of this broad and deep coulé, 
in which, however, the grass was poor and thin. 

September 9.—Started at 7 a. m., in advance of the train, with Captain Browning and a small 
party, for Camp Lewis. Near the spring, in Judith Gap, a small detachment of 
Highteenth Infantry men was in camp. Scattered herds of buffalo could be seen 
erazing on the prairie south of Suowy Mountains. Deviating to the right of the Carroll road, we 
kept along the foot-hills of the mountains, crossing two or three small streams, and finding the grass 
of the hill-slopes rich and luxuriant. An hour’s halt for rest was made on Little Trout Creek, and, 
resuming the journey, a heavy, recently-made Indian trail was crossed, leading northward. Lewis 
was reached at 5.15 p. m., after a rapid ride of forty-five miles. 


Camp Lewis. 


TO YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK, 33 


September 10.—The train came in at 2 p. m., having camped on Buffalo Creek the night before. 

September 11.—Pulled out at 8 a. m., and in a couple of hours met the Carroll stage at Warm 
Spring Creek. I was informed that the steamer Josephine would probably leave Cae ing 
Carroll on the 18th or 19th, but was likely to make another trip, certainly if the Creek. 
stage of the river would admit. Camp was made on Armell’s Creek, twenty-five miles from Lewis, 
with excellent wood, water, and grass. Opposite camp, on the other side of the creek, was a 
plantation of wild hops in full bearing. Mr. Grinnell was exceedingly desirous of examining for 
fossils the lower extremity of the Judith Basin near the Musselshell River. As there was still a 
margin of seven or eight days, with the chance of a later trip of the boat, I determined to divide the 
party, sending a portion of it, under command of Lieutenant Thompson, to the mouth of the 
Judith River, while I should go on to Carroll, ascertain as exactly as possible the probabilities of a 
later boat, and send out word at what time the party should re-assemble. Mr. Dana concluded to 
accompany me to Carroll; his engagements at the Hast not admitting of any further delay on his 
part. The wagons were therefore reloaded with the view of sending one six-mule team and the 
greater part of the cavalry escort to the Judith. 

September 12.—The six-mule team was loaded with fifteen days’ rations; all superfluous baggage 
being loaded into the others. The supposed best route to the mouth of the 
Judith was to incline southwest from camp for a few miles, until the divide 
between Warm Spring and Armell’s Creeks was reached, thence west and north to the head of 
Dog River, and along the divide between that and Judith River, through a certain pass in the Bad 
Lands, of which we had general information only, to Claggett’s Ranch or Camp Cooke, at the mouth of 
the Judith. At 8.30 the load was completed, and the two parties separated ; Mr. Danaand myself, 
with a sergeant and one man of the cavalry escort and a sergeant and four men of the engineer 
detachment, proceeding on the road to Carroll, while all the others started for the 
Judith. Wereached Box Elder Station nine miles from camp, the edge of the Bad 
Lands at sixteen miles, and Crooked Oreek at thirty-two miles. 

The day had been very hot and dusty, and we found no water between Box Elder and Crooked 
Creek. The bed of the creek was absolutely dry, and the single pool near the road had been trampled 
into a thick mud by the thirsty animals unhitched from two mule-trains and one bull-train, which 
had halted for the night on the creek. We had brought no water with us, and Gian Swaine 
the prospects of a camp were wholly uninviting. About a mile farther down the Crooked Creek. 
creek-bed I observed two or three cottonwood-trees, and an examination of the locality resulted in 
the pleasing discovery of three small but undisturbed pools of water, tepid and alkaline, but 
much better than none. The grass in the vicinity too, though exceedingly poor and thin, had not 
been grazed by the freight-trains. Numbers of antelope had been seen all day, and from the high 
ground on the edge of the Bad Lands small herds of buffalo dotted the broken landscape toward 
the river. : 

September 13.—Pulled out at 8 a.m. Crossed Little Crooked Creek, and soon after ascended 
upon the high, rolling prairie, winding over which the road eventually leads out upon a high, narrow 
ridge near the river, where, turning to the eastward, the steep descent of 900 feet 
is made into the river-valley, where Carro!l is situated. It was ascertained that 
the boat would probably reach Carroll on the 19th, and leave next day. 

There was a possibility that a later trip would be made; but, as this depended entirely upon the 
stage of water, which was very low and still falling, reliance could not be placed uponit. The 
week’s heavy rains in the upper valleys had caused a rise of about six inches in the channel at 
Carroll, but this rise had been already exhausted, and more rain could hardly be looked for. I 
therefore dispatched a messenger to Lieutenant Thompson to be back in Carroll on the night of the 
19th. 

September 14.—Mr. Dana was desirous of examining the Little Rocky Mountains some thirty 
miles to the north and west, and we accordingly made preparations for a trip to them. The ambu- 
lance was placed in a Mackinac boat ready for transportation across the river in the morning. 

September 15.—Crossed the riverin the Mackinac, swimming the animals. The party consisted of 
Mr. Dana and myself and four men; one driving a pair of mules in the ambulance, Trip to the Little 
which carried the rations and scanty allowance of bedding. Some of the Carroll Rocky Mountains. 

5 WwW 


The party divided, 


Box Elder Creek. 


Return to Carroll. 


34 RECONNAISSANCE FROM CARROLL, MONTANA, 


hunters at first wished to accompany us, but were afterward deterred by reports of Indians near 
the mountains. I did not altogether regret this; for a small party entirely under control might be 
safer than a larger one withoutdiscipline. In orderto get the ambulance out of the boat, we dropped 
down stream a mile and a half to the “ point” below on the north bank, whence a hay-road led up 
the hill, climbing the 800 or 900 feet of ascent which was necessary to reach the prairie above, 

En route to Little “ence winding along narrow ridges formed by the deeply-penetrating coulés and 
Rocky Mountains. ravines setting back from the river-valley. Reaching the prairie, the Little Rockies 
were in full view, and we traveled rapidly toward them over a dry, stony, nearly level road, with 
a brief halt for water at a pool in an unnamed creek-bed. Reaching the margin of the high prairie 
overlooking Little Rocky Creek, the descent appeared precipitous and the valley below difficult 
to travel. We therefore proceeded directly toward the mountains, and took our chance of finding 

Camp hear the Little Water. Approaching within three or four miles, a very good camp for our small 
Rocky Mountains. party was found near some springs. There was no wood, but we were fortunate 
enough to find a few pieces of drift brought down from the mountains during a freshet, and buffalo- 
chips were abundant. Two or three herds of buffalo were grazing within sight, 
gradually moving off as they became aware of our presence, and the antelope were 
more numerous than I had ever seen them. Soon after sunset, the harvest moon swung its broad 
disk above the eastern horizon, and flooded the yellow prairie with almost the light of day, shining 
brilliantly all night from a cloudless sky. The air was still, and the temperature mild and pleasant: 
About midnight, the snorting of the horses aroused me, and I found the men all up to keep the 
buffalo which surrounded the camp from coming so near asto stampede our cattle. They were 
approaching us to get water from the springs upon which we were encamped. The animals loomed 
up huge and black in contrast with the yellow prairie, and were evidently in great numbers, as their 
deep rattling snorts and snuffles could be heard in all directions. 

In the gray light of early dawn, an antelope, attracted by the white cover of the ambulance, 
walked nearly into camp, and furnished an excellent breakfast. It was a barren doe, very fat and 
tender, with small horns, an inch or two in length. 

September 16.—Mr. Dana spent the day exploring and examining the mountains. Camp was 
broken at 8 with the intention of finding another farther east in a sort of bay in the south side of 
the range, where wood would be more convenient, and which should offer better protection in case 
the Indians should discover us. 

The presence of buffaloin such great numbers, and the known propinquity of a large Indian 

Little Rocky Camp some twenty-five or thirty miles to the eastward, on Pouchette Creek, induced 
MALDEINSEED * me to believe that a more concealed camp would be much safer. The party was 
so small that it would be just as well to remain undiscovered. Entering the valley, it was found full 
of buffalo and antelope. The adjacent coulés and ravines were thoroughly examined for water 
without success, and I finally concluded to return to last night’s camp. This is ordinarily an inju- 
dicious thing to do; but the quiet demeanor of the buffalo induced me to believe that they had not 
recently been hunted. Sending the ambulance back to camp, I took one man, and entered a pass 
behind the prominent mountain, where a well-worn game-trail furnished a good path. The mount- 
ains are well wooded and some 1,200 or 1,500 feet in height, apparently destifute of running water 
at this season. At a narrow place in the trail, a buffalo was encountered, who, after an instant’s 
halt, uttered a frightened snort, and whirling his huge bulk around with ludicrous suddenness, set 
off at full speed. A few deer were seen, but no elk or sign of any. The mountains, in fact, seem 
to be too destitute of water to abound in the ordinary game. Emerging from the pass directly north 
of and in view of camp, the bed of the stream which supplied the springs below was found to be dry 
and stony. High upon the mountain-slopesa herd of bufialo were grazing, and Mr. Dana was dis- 
tinguished approaching them with his carbine. His shots killed one, and started the herd at head- 
long speed down the mountain. Hastily concealing ourselves in the bed of the stream, the herd 
swept past, losing two more of their number. I endeavored to overtake on horseback a calf, the 
mother of which had been killed, but my horse developed no great amount of speed, and the calf 
certainly did, skipping away from me with the utmost agility. We returned to camp and had a 
quiet night, though unpleasantly cold without tents, water freezing in the buckets. 


Buffalo. 


TO YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK. 35 


September 17.—We had seen all that was necessary of the Little Rockies, and had more game than 
could be carried in; a prolonged stay might be attended with serious consequences, — gaaians encoun- 
and camp was therefore broken at 8 for the return to Carroll. Steering by com- ‘red. 
pass, we had proceeded for a couple of hours, when we saw half a mile ahead three men engaged in 
skinning a buffalo. Observing us, they mounted and started off, but soon halted and began to 
approach us. They proved to be Indians, a small hunting-party from the large camp, and got us to 
understand that they wanted to go in to Carroll with us as soon as they could dispose of the buf- 
falo they were occupied with and another farther on. Though not anxious for their society, I 
assented, intending, in case of the appearance of a large party, and having any trouble with them, to 
hold the three as a sort of hostage. They worked with great earnestness and skill; and, having 
loaded three ponies with beef in a very short space of time, two of them joined us. The head-man 
pointed northeast, to where he said were forty-five lodges of his people. He denied being a Sioux, 
but spoke the language too well to be anything else. Approaching the river opposite Carroll, the 
two Indians wanted Mr. Dana and myself to go directly down the bluff to the river 
with them; but as my rifle had become disabied by an accident, and the pistol 
cartridges were exhausted, their offer was declined. One of them wished to assure me that he was 
unarmed, and throwing back his blanket showed an empty pistol-holster, and said he had lost it 
running buffalo. The same movement, however, exhibited the handle of a pistol on the other side. 
Apparently disgusted at our refusal, they plunged down the hill out of sight, and eventually reached 
town first. 

September 18.—Crossed the ambulance back to Carroll. The steamer Josephine was looked for 
hourly during the day. 

September 19.—At 2 p. m., Lieutenant Thompson, Mr. Wood, and the wagon arrived, and a few 
hours later Messrs. Grinnell, Ludlow, and Reynolds reached town in a small Mack- Tah Reeiaaente 
inac, with which they had descended the river from the Judith. arrive: 

A march of forty-four miles in two days—September 12 and 13—had taken the party from the 
camp on Armell’s Creek to the mouth of the Judith, where they remained two days, and returned to 
Carroll in four days. The lower portion of the Judith Basin is largely occupied by Mauvaises 
Terres, precipitous and forbidding, and very difficult to travel. A few interesting fossils were found; 
but the extent of the field and the limited time available prevented thorough search. <A large camp 
of Gros Ventres was in the basin intending to winter there, and game was scarce. At 5p.m., the 
Josephine reached Carroll and discharged. 

September 20.—Boat took on 60 tons of freight, and left at 4.30 p.m. Lieutenant Thompson 
was instructed to take the cavalry escort and transportation to Ellis and to return 
to Saint Paul via the Union Pacific. 

The subsequent journey down the river was uneventful. The stream was very low, with only 
18 inches of water on Buffalo Rapids, and we were frequently aground. When within fifteen or 
twenty miles of Buford, we met the Key West and exchanged freights; the Josephine returning to 
Carroll to make one more trip. 

September 26.—We left Buford on the Key West at 8 a. m., reached Bismarck on the 29th, and 
Saint Paul October 2. 

Thus terminated this most interesting trip, which had covered by rail, water, 
and on horseback thirty-three hundred miles of travel in ninety-three days through every variety 
of landscape, from the most forbidding to the grandest and most picturesque. 

I beg leave to add the following suggestions relative to the National Park. The main points 
are such as would present themselves to any visitor capable of appreciating the 
wonders of the park, and have been in some cases anticipated in the remarks and ceetoas ealattye te 
recommendations of previous visitors. Nevertheless, a repetition of them can do “4 Pa" 
no harm, and will at least show what the concurrent testimony on the subject is. 

Congress, by an act approved March 1, 1872 (sections 2474 and 2475, Revised Statutes, ap- 
pended hereto), set aside the area therein defined (and which intended to include all the more 
remarkable objects and scenery) as a national domain, and consecrated it to the enjoyment and 
improvement of all mankind. For this purpose, the park was placed under the control of the Sec- 


Return to Carroll. 


Leave Carroll. 


Fort Buford. 


36 RECONNAISSANCE FROM CARROLL, MONTANA, 


retary of the Interior; but, unfortunately, the act provides no further practical measures for its 
improvement than authorizing the making of small temporary leases (the revenues from which should 
be devoted to the proper management and improvement of the park) and the promulgation of 
regulations mainly looking to the preservation of the game. I am not informed as to whether any 
* such leases have been made; but it is certain that no expenditures have been made for the improve- 
ment of the park, nor even for its proper protection. Of the preservation of the game I will men- 
tion some facts further on. The park remains in the same wild, secluded condition in which it was 
discovered, a few squatters and hunters inhabiting it. The number of visitors is not great, but is 
yearly increasing, and is mainly made up from the inhabitants of the Montana towns. Until some 
railroad facilities shall make the journey less expensive and fatiguing, the people at large can 
se Sep ea hardly avail themselves of the ie pleasurin g ground” so provided. Meanwhile, 
Bowne bundles in however, those who from propinquity are able to do so are entering upon the pos- 
session of their privileges, and abusing them by the wanton destruction of what 
was intended to be for the edification of all. 

The treasures of art and beauty, cunningly contrived by the hand of nature, are in process of 
removal to territorial homesteads, and the proportion of material destroyed to that carried off is 
as ten to one. Hunters have for years devoted themselves to the slaughter of the 
game, until within the limits of the park it is hardly to be found. I was credi- 
bly informed by people on the spot, and personally cognizant of the facts, that during the winter 
of 1874 and i875, at which season the heavy snows render the eik an easy prey, no less than from 
1,500 to 2,000 of these, the largest and finest game animals in the country, were thus destroyed 
within a radius of fifteen miles of the Mammoth Springs. From this large number, representing 
an immense supply of the best food, the skins only were taken, netting to the hunter some $2.50 
or $3 apiece; the frozen carcasses being left in the snow to feed the wolves or to decay in the 
spring. A continuance of this wholesale and wasteful butchery can have but one effect, viz, the 
extermination of the animal, and that, too, from the very region where he has aright to expect 
protection, and where his frequent inoffensive presence would give the greatest pleasure to the 
greatest number. 

The cure for these unlawful practices and undoubted evils can only be found in a thorough 
mounted police of the park. In the absence of any legislative provision for this, recourse can most 
readily be had to the already existing facilities afforded by the presence of troops in the vicinity and 
by the transfer of the park to the control of the War Department. Troops should 
be stationed to act as guards at the lake, the Mammoth Springs, and especially 
in the Geyser Basin. A couple of signal-sergeants might profitably be employed in keeping 
meteorological and geyser records, which would be of great interest and value. 

In time, with faithful supervision, the park could easily be made self-supporting. Franchises 
and leases will be valuable, and properly administered would furnish a revenue sufficient to pro- 
ceed gradually with all the improvements required. But meanwhile, and before any improvements 
can be judiciously undertaken, an indispensable preliminary would be a thorough and accurate 
topographical survey, which, having been completed, would serve to indicate where roads and 
bridle-paths could best be opened or most improved. The boundaries of the park could at the 
same time be run and laid down upon the ground. 

For this asmall annual appropriation of from $8,000 to $10,000 ahold be made, and the survey 
might properly be under the charge of an engineer officer, who, while making his survey and map, 
might at the same time be turning his attention and devoting perhaps a certain sum to the selection 
and construction of better routes of travel. While it would not be possible at once to make the park 
practicable for vehicles, the pack-trails could be vastly improved at slight expense ; the survey indi- 
cating the best routes. An observatory on Mount Washburne, with a wire to Bozeman, could be 
constructed cheaply, and furnish a starting-point whence all the higher peaks, and from them the 
intervening country,.could be mapped. Rough bridges could be constructed where needed, and 
the worst portions of the trail corduroyed. This preliminary work accomplished, and about two 
seasons’ work would be required for it, the yearly appropriation being continued, the roads could 
by degrees be made practicable for wagons and carriages. Lodging-places could be constructed at 


Slaughter of game. 


Recommendation. 


TO YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK. - 37 


the Mammoth Springs, the bridge, the falls, the lake, and the geyser basins, for the accommoda- 
tion of visitors; and these, after the construction by the engineer officer, should be under the 
charge of an officer detailed to make constant inspections of them and of the detachments doing 
guard and police duty in the park. Visitors should be forbidden to kill any game. The hunters 
should have their arms and spoils confiscated, besides being liable to prosecution. 

For the accomplishment of these purposes, it would certainly be most convenient and expedient 
to take advantage of the presence and organization of the military, and to intrust the care of the 
park, at least temporarily, to the War Department; at least until such time as a civilian superin- 
tendent, living in the park, with a body of mounted police under his orders, should suffice for its 
protection. 

The day will come, and it cannot be far distant, when this most interesting region, crowded with 
marvels and adorned with the most superb scenery, will be rendered accessible to all; and then, 
thronged with visitors from all over the world, it will be what nature and Congress, for once work- 
ing together in unison, have declared it should be, a National Park. 

Respectfully submitted. 


WILLIAM LUDLOW, 
- Captain Corps of Engineers, U. S. A., 
Chief Engineer Department of Dakota. 
The ASSISTANT ADJUTANT-GENERAL, 


Department of Dakota, Saint Paul, Minn. 


ACT APPROVED MARCH 1, 1872. 
(Revised Statutes of the United States, sections 2474 and 2475.) 


Src. 2474. The tract of land in the Territories of Montana and Wyoming, lying near the headwaters of the Yellow- 
stone River, and described as follows, to wit, commencing at thejunction of Gardiner’s River with Patedl Kineton 
the Yellowstone River, and running east to the meridian passing ten miles east of the most eastern _ sections 2474 and 
point of the Yellowstone Lake; thence south along said meridian tothe parallel of latitude passing be 
ten miles south of the most southern point of Yellowstone Lake; thence west along said parallel to the meridian passing 
fifteen miles west of the most western point of Madison Lake; thence north along said meridian to the latitude of the 
junction of the Yellowstone and Gardiner’s Rivers; thence east to the place of beginning, is reserved and withdrawn from 
settlement, occupancy, or sale under the laws of the United States, and dedicated and set apart as a public park or 
pleasuring ground for the benefit and enjoyment of the people; and all persons who locate or settle upon, or occupy any 
part of the land thus set apart as a public park, except as provided in the following section, shall be considered tres- 
passers and removed therefrom. 

Sec. 2475. Such public park shall be under the exclusive control of the Secretary of the Interior, whose duty 
it shall be, as soon as practicable, to make and publish such regulations as he may deem necessary or proper for the care 
and management of the same. Such regulations shall provide for the preservation from injury or spoliation of all tim- 
ber, mineral deposits, natural curiosities, or wonders within the park, and their retention in their natural condition. 
The Secretary may, in his discretion, grant leases for building purposes, for terms not exceeding ten years, of small par- 
cels of ground, at such places in the park as may require the erection of buildings for the accommodation of visitors ; 
all of the proceeds of such leases, and all other revenues that may be derived from any source connected with the park 
to be expended under his direction in the management of the same, and the construction of roads and bridle-paths 
therein. He shall provide against the wanton destruction of the fish and game found within the park, and against their 
capture or destruction for the purpose of merchandise or profit. He shall also cause all persons trespassing upon the 
same to be removed therefrom, and generally is authorized to take all such measures as may be necessary or proper to 
fully carry out the objects and purposes of this section. 


38 RECONNAISSANCE FROM CARROLL, MONTANA, 


ASTRONOMICAL OBSERVATIONS FOR TIME AND LATITUDE AT CARROLL, CAMP 
LEWIS, AND CAMP BAKER. 


Observation for time. 


Station, Carroll, Montana.—Date, July 12, 1875.—Object observed, Arcturus.—Sextant, Spencer Browning, 6536.—Chronometer, Bond & Son, 
202.—Index error, —60/’.—Observer, Wood.—Computer, Wood. 
°o ‘ au °o ‘ “ 


Double altitudes observed. Corresponding times. Latitude — L = 47 35 00 Refraction =R = 1 10 
N. polar dist =A = 70 10 00 Parallax = P = 
no Y hom 8. True altitude =A = 37 08 20 Semi-diam.—Sd = 
74 50 00 18 54 26. —_— R, P,and Sd -- 1 10 
54 95.5 2Qm=L+A+A = 154 53 20 Observed 2 alt. = 74 20 00 
55 26.5 _ Index error — —1 00 
55 57. ™ = T7 26 40 ——— 
56 26.5 m—A = 40 18 20 Qalt. corrected = 74 19 00 
56 58.5 —_—_ 
73 «#50 00 18 57 29. log cosm = 9.3372319 Altitrde = 37 09 30 
a -—— log sin (m—A) = 9. 8108128 R, P, and Sd = —1 10 
74 20 00 18 55 56.9 — — 
log cos m sin (m—A) = 19. 1480447 True alt. =A = 37 08 20 
log cos L sin A = 9.8024365 
— log cos L = 9.8289930 
log sin? 4p = 19. 3456082 log sin A = 9.9734435 
log sin + p = 9.6728041 logcosLsinA = _ 9. 8024365 
te} ‘ a“ 
= 28 05 02 
‘pin arc = 56 10 04 
hm. 8 
p in time = 3 44 40.27 
= 14 09 59.5 


Equation of time 


True time = 17 54 39.77 
Time by chron. = 18 55 56.87 
Chron. fast = i il aril 


Determination of the latitude by observed double altitudes of Polaris off the meridian. 


Station, Carroll, Montana.—Date, July 12, 1875.—Sextant, Spencer Browning.—Index error, — 60’’.—Chronometer, Bond & Son, 202.—Observer, 
Wood.—Computer, Wood. 


Observed double altitudes. Corresponding times. 
Oe hm 8. log cos p = 9.3515862 log sin p 9. 98875 
94 32 00 19 19 43. log 4 = 3. 6897527 log A 3. 68975 
32 20 20 36. —_—_ 
33 00 21 20. log A cos p = 3. 0413389 log Asin p 3. 67850 
33 10 22 07. = ilies) - 
33 50 22 42.5 log (A sin p)? 7. 35700 
34 40 23° 45.5 Oni ut log a 4. 38454 
94 35 20 19 24 45.5 1st term = 18 19.9 log tan A 0. 03425 
—_— — Alt. =A = 47 15 24.5 -——— 
94 33 29 19 22 08.5 log 2d term 1.77579 
1 00 2d term = 47 33 44.4 2d term 59,7 
—— Latitude = 59.7 
94 32 29 — 
—- 47 34 44.1 
47 16 14.5 
50. 0 
47 15 24.5 
TE EO NO Meee segaanonognod0d comos an aco oss as sosssassassescassssesssess — 50” 
Chron. correction... 1) 01m 174.1 
88° 38! 25” 
4895" 
hom 38 
A Polaris... 1 12 47.7 
Sid. time at mean noon at this station 
Sid. interval from mean time of culmination. .--.....-..--.--..-- 
Retardation of mean on sidereal time.--.--.....-.------------.--- 
Mean time of culmination of star...--..-.-..-.-.-.-------------- 
Error of chron. at time of obseryation.........---.-----------.------ UE aizeal 
Time by chron. of culmination .-...--.-----.--- > Sotdesooneessccsess 2 14 04.8 
Sid! time of observation ooo oe eee nn neem en enna n= 19 22 085 
Hour-angle, p, in mean time ....-.- en nen wenn ewe en nnn w ns enna Giolwobrs 
Sidereal equivalents in arc....... 2-2... -- 20. ennn ee enn a= ene e-- eee 102° 59’ 05” 


TO YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK. 


89 


Determination of latitude by circum-meridian altitudes. 


Station, Carroll, Montana.—Date, September 20, 1875.—Object observed, @.—Sextant, Spencer Browning, 


6536.—Index error, —1/ 15’.—Chro- 


nometer, Arnold & Dent, 1362.—Observer, Wood.—Computer, Wood.—Bar., 27», 61.—Ther., 61°. 


c Obs'd 2 cir-| Obs'd alti-| 
2 ' 
Times of Mer. dist. 2sin* tp cos l cos D |Red. tomer. cum-meri-| tudes, cor-| True alti- Bane mee alee Lat. deduced 
=p. sinl” |——Sosq@|imare=z.| dian alti-| rected for| tudes=a. eee. 7 |= 90°+D—A. 
= tudes. index error. qe 
‘ “u “ “ ° ’ “ °o ‘ au“ ° ‘ “ °o ’ a“ ° ‘ “ 
4 42. 43 }) ( 40 86 24 50 43 11 47 43 26 56 43 27 36 47 34 51 
4 13. 35 33 87 29 00 43 52 27 05 27 38 49 
3 42.5 27 | 25 86 25 30 12 07 27 16 27 41 46 
3 06.5 19 = 18 87 29 50 44 17 27 30 27 48 39 
2 38. 14 | a 13 86 25 50 12 17 27 26 27 39 48 
210.5 9 a 9 87 30 00 44 22 27 35 27 44 43 
1 46. 6 2 6 86 25 40 12 12 27 21 2 27 60 
1 10. 3 | a 3 87 30 10 44 27 27 40 27 43 44 
31.5 0 s 0 86 26 00 12 22 27 «31 27 31 56 
02. o;s 5 0 87 30 00 44 22 27 35 27 35 52 
25. 0 a 0} 86 25 50 12 17 27 26 27 26 61 
54.5 2 =] 2 87 29 50 44 17 27 «30 27 32 55 
1 21. 4 8 4 86 25 40 12 12 27 21 27 25 62 
2 00. 8 q 8 87 29 50 44 17 27 30 27 «38 49 
2 32.5 13 ° 12 86 25 30 12 07 27 16 27 28 59 
3 00.5 18 o 17 87 29 30 44 07 27 20 27 37 50 
3 21.5 22 | 21 86 25 20 12 02 27 11 27 32 5d 
3 55. 30 28 87 29 20 44 02 27 15 27 43 44 
4 24. 38 l 35 86 25 00 43 11 52 43 27 O1 43 27 36 47-34 51 
BPRS ATPR NES RG CLL stare ee ee es ohne node ieee wiser nee iceman tiaacaes caenen=an 47 34 51 
° ‘ a“ h. ™. 8. , Ww ’ a“ 
App. Lat.=1 = 47 35 cos 9, 82899 Chron. correction —1 02 04.16 Semi-diam. +15 58.5 —15 58.5 
Dec. = 1 02 27.3 cos 9.99993 Equation of time + 6 38.92 Refraction — 55.9 — 54.9 
a — AS ee cos 0. 13922 ——_ —_ Parallax + 63 + 6.3 
— 55 25,24 _—_—_ 
9. 96814 +15 09. — 16 47. 


Determination of the time by observed equal altitudes of the sun’s limb. 


TO CORRECT THE CHRONOMETER AT NOON. 


Station, Carroll, Montana.—Date, September 20, 1875.—Sextant, Spencer Browning, 6536.—Chronometer, Arnold & Dent, 1362.—Observer, 
Wood.—Computer, Wood. 


Observed 
double alti- 
tude. 


° Pete 


72 10 00 


73 10 00 


A.M.=t 


P.M.=V 


Corresponding times. 


m &. 
58 
58 
57 
57 
57 
56 
56 
55 
55 
55 
54 
54 
2 53 


top 


t—t/= _ |Equationof 
elapsed | equal alti- appt. spake by 
time. tudes = z. equal alti- 
tudes. 


h. m. 


2 


+16, 80 


Chron. fast of 
mean time at 


1 


he ™. 8 

T= 452m log A (page 164) —— 9. 4263 log B = + 9. 3627 10 54 03.08 

6 =—58". 33 log d =— 1, 7659 log d =— 1. 7659 14 56 13.81 

L= 47° 35/ log tan = 0.0392 log tan D = + 8, 2597 

Istterm = +1704 25 50 16.89 

Qdterm =— 0°24 =+ 1.2314 =— 9, 3883 —— 

== 12 55 08.44 

% = +16". 8 = equation of equal altitudes. 16. 80 
12 55 25.24—eq. of time. 
11 53 21.08 


1 02 04.16 


40 


Observation for time. 


RECONNAISSANCE FROM CARROLL, MONTANA, 


Station, Camp Lewis, Montana.—Date, July 25, 1875.—Object observed, Altair.—Ref. Circle, Gambay and Son, 212.—Chronometer, Bond & Son, 


Double altitudes observed. 


Cy fh 


720 00 00 
67 58 20 


787 58 20 


78 47 50 


202.—Observer, Wood.—Computer, Wood.—Bar., 25'».95.—Ther., 58°. 


h. 
18 


18 


m. 
il 
12 
13 
14 
15 
15 
16 
17 
18 
19 


Corresponding times. 


&. 


45, 
30. 
32. 
28. 
20. 
59. 
34, 
38. 
31. 
20. 


18 15 33.6 


Latitude = L 

N. polar dist.=A 
True altitude =A 
Qm=L+A+A 

m 

m—A 


log cos m 
log sin (m—A) 


log cos m sin (m—A) 


log cos L sin A 
log sin? 4 p 

log sin 3 p 

ip 

pin arc 

pin time 

x AR 

Equation of time 
True time 


Time by chron. 
Chron. fast 


te) ’ u 

47 03 40 
81 27 35 
39 22 52 


167 54 07 


ll Il 


83 57 03 
44 34 ll 


9. 0227658 
9. 8461989 


18. 8689647 
9. 8284436 


19. 0405211 


ll 


9. 520260: 
o ‘ uu 
19 20 58 
38 41 56 


Il Il 


hm 8. 
2 34 
44 43.8 


Ill 
& 


17 09 
18 15 


WAL 


05 37.5 


ll 
a 


Observation for time. 


Refraction = R 
Parallax = P 
Semi-diam. = Sd 
R, P, and Sd 
Observed 2 alt. 
Index error 


2 alt. corrected 


Altitude 
R, P, and Sd 


True alt. = A 


log cos L 
log sin A 


log cos L sin A 


WM TL A AL AL 


39 22 52 
9. 8332861 


= 9,9951575 


= 9. 8284436 


Station, Camp Lewis, Montana.—Date, July 25, 1875.—Object observed, Arcturus.—Ref. Circle, Gambay & Son, 212.—Chronometer, Bond & 
Son, 202.—Observer, Wood.—Computer, Wood.—Bar., 25'".95.—Ther., 58°. 


Double altitudes observed. 


° Teee, 


720 00 00 
212 32 10 
932 32 10 


93 15 13 


h. 
17 


18 


18 
18 


™. 
56 
59 
59 
01 
02 
03 
04 
05 
06 
07 


02 


Ss. 


oOo ororer 


Corresponding times. 


Latitude—L 
N. polar dist. = A 
True altitude =A 


2m=L+A+A 


™m 


m—A 


log cos m 
Jog sin (m—A) 


log cos m sin (m—A) 
log cos L sin A 


log sin? 4p 

log sini p 

+P 

p inare 

p in time 

KR 

Equation of time 


True time 
Time by chron. 


Chron. fast 


Wal 


Il 


Wl Wh 


Il lI 


Wii wi wi Wl 


O be 
47 03 40 
70 10 OO 
46 36 46 


163 50 26 


81 55 13 
35 18 27 


9. 1472335 
9. 7619011 


18. 9097346 
9. 8067296 


19. 1030050 
9. 5515025 


° , a“ 

20 51 29 

41 42 54 
hom & 
2 46 516 

14 09 59.2 


16 56 50.8 
18 02 25.5 


1 05 34.7 


Refraction = R 
Parallax =P 
Semi-diam. = Sd 
R, P, and Sd 
Observed 2 alt 
Index error 


2 alt. corrected 


Altitude 

R, P, and Sd 
True alt. =A 
log cos L 

log sin A 


log cos LsinA 


WA AL 


ll 


til 


50 


93 15 13 


15 13 


© 
wo 


46 37 36 


50 


46 36 46 


9. 8332861 
9. 9734435 


9. 8067296 


TO YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK. 4] 


Determination of the latitude by observed double altitudes of Polaris off the meridian. 


Station, Camp Lewis, Montana—Date, July 25, 1875,—Ref. Circle,Gambay & Son, 212.—Chronometer, Bond & Son, 202.—Observer, Wood.— 
Computer, Woud.—Bar., 25'".95.—Ther., 58°. 


Observed double altitudes. Corresponding times. 
Cel i hy Ms 8. log cos p = 9.5393086 log sin p 9. 97228 
18 50 45.5 log A = 3. 6895752 log 4 3. 66953 
OL 37. - 
52 44.5 log A cos p = 3. 228-838 log Asin p 3. 66186 
53 (53.5 = 1694” 
54 42, log (A sin p)? 7. 2 
19 00 36. CoM alle) FY log a 4.3845 
OL 30.5 Istterm = 28 14 log tan A 0. 02399 
02 30.5 Alf—=A = 46 34 55 — 
720 00 00 03 19.5 2d term = 54 log 2d term 1. 73225 
211 55 00 19 04 08.5 -_—- 2d term od” 
-—— Latitude = 47 04 03 
931 55 00 18 57% 34.75 
93 11 30 
46 35 45 
50 
46 34 55 
TNO Sane Sa Ge Soe AERO AON OSU DED AR ees nc Se ete eee ane 50” 
Chron, correction : 1) 05" 364.1 
IDG eee see oececo te 3 = 88° 38! 27 
AB Bmee sacs bon Saed Sorat sodee SSeCS an eeee me Oboes Aso Beek HS SEC ORS 4893" 
Rom. 18: 
ZENE) ER imme = sec aosotnase seses eSaonesdeoees se eee eae Pee ee incon 1 12 59.65 
Sid. time at mean noon at this station. --..-- s 
Sic. interval from mean time of culmination 
Retardation of mean on sidereal time. . 
Mean time of culmination of star.----- Fs 
Error ot chron. at time of observation. ............-----..----..--... 1 05 36.10 
Mime byobronsote culmination ser «eget aise a onal wee eeielel amt oa Py ih "Sb shren 
@lack-tinejohiohsenvations stern: fesse s ase mas aoe ener iece ==) one 18 57 34.75 
our-anp ley asin sits oti Geseacee ewe aaa a ae Sa ee eae a 201: 
pidereal equivalents are: . <2. -- =o. semen een en eeennne nn 110° 15’ 15” 


Determination of latitude by circum-meridian altitudes. 


Station, Camp Lewis, Montana.—-Date, July 25, 1875.—Object observed, a Ophiuchi.—Sextant, Spencer Browning, 6536.—Index error, — 20/’.— 
Chronometer, Boud & Son, 202.—Observer, Wood.—Computer, Wood.—Bar., 25'».95.—Ther., 58°. 


< : cl Obs’d 2 cir- | Obs’d_ alti- a2 , 
nee ot Mer. dist. Zener 2 cos Zcos D |Red.to mer.| cum-meri-| tudes, cor- | True alti- Dae eae Lat. deduced 
ehteaee i} sin | —cos@ | imarc=—z.| dian alti-| rected for | tudes=a. z oe =90°+ D—A. 
. =k tudes. index error. ga 
h. m. 8. V wt “ i aw fo} ff a“ fo} yf “a fo} / a fo} t Ww ° d “ 
18 26 45.5 8 00.5 126. } 227 111 07 30 55 33 35 55 33 «(OL 55 35 28 47 03 39 
27 16. 7 30. 110. ! 2 08 08 40 34 10 33 36 44 13 
27 44, 7 02. 97. 1 533 08 00 33 50 33 16 09 58 
28 10. 6 36. 85. 5 if sy) 08 50 3415 33° 41 20 47 
28 36.5 6 09.5 74.3 1 26 09 40 34 40 34 06 32 35 
29 14,5 531.5 60. uy it) 10 10 34 55 34 21 31 36 
29 45.5 5 00.5 49. 57 11 00 35 20 34° 46 43 24 
30 26. 4 20. 37. es 43 11 20 35 30 34 56 39 28 
30 54. 3 52. eu) 5 34 11 20 35 30 34 56 30 37 
31 49.5 |' 2 56.5 17. si 20 11 30 35 35 35 OL 21 46 
32 19. 2 27. 12. ty 14 11 30 35° 35 35 01 15 52 
32 47. 1 59. 8. oy 9 11 50 35° 45 35 611 20 47 
33 22.5 1 23.5 4, a 5 12 20 36 00 35 26 31 36 
34 12.5 33.5 0.6 = 1 12 00 35 650 35 («16 17 50 
34 53. Th 0. 5 } 0 12 50 36 15 “35 41 41 26 
35 38.5 52.5 1.5 R 2 12 00 35 50 35 16 18 49 
36 16.5 1 30.5 4.5 | 5 12 00 35 «50 35° 16 21 46 
36 50.5 2 04.5 8.5 3 10 12 10 35 35 35 «21 31 36 
37 30. 2 44, 14.7 2 17 12 00 35 50 35 16 33 34 
38 01.5 3 15.5 21, 8 24 11 30 35 35 35 (01 25 42 
38 39. 3 49. 28.6 1) 33 11 00 35 20 34° 46 19) ih 48 
39 05. 4 19. 36. 6 42 10 50 35 15 34 41 23 44 
40 18. 5 32. 60. 1 10 10 30 35 05 34 31 41 26 
40 47.5 6 01.5 71. 1 23 10 00 34 50 34 16 39 28 
41 39. 6 53 93. 1 48 09 40 34 40 34° (06 54 13 
42 10, 7 24, 107.5 2 03 08 00 33° 50 33° (16 19 48 
42 42.5 7 56.5 124. 2 24 08 00 33 50 33 16 40 27 
18 43 17. 8 31. 141.8 J 2 45] 111 07 30 55 33 35 55 33 «(01 55 35 446 47 03 21 
VEG AT eters ee ete etait eleteteet totic fete atest eee nel oele ee ere eee con eat rine eaacretmeare temint vicee oneal Swe ownw eciessapsioa=s 47 03 37 
é ty hm 8. Semi-diam. 
App. lat. =1 03 50. cos 9.83326 Chron. correction 1 05 36 Refraction 34” 
Dec. 39 07.4 cos 9.99932 MR of * 17 29 10 Parallax 
a 35 20. cos 0, 24785 SSS 
18 34 46 
0, 07043 


6 WwW 


42 


Observation for 


Station, Camp Lewis, Montana.—Date, September 10, 1579 —Object observed, Arcturus —Sextant, Spencer Browning, 6936. 


time. 


RECONNAISSANCE FROM CARROLL, MONTANA, 


Bond & Son, 202.—Index error, t/ 20’.—Observer, Wood.—Computer, Wood.—Bar., 25'».75.—Ther., 50°. 


Latitude = L 
N. polar dist. =A 


Double altitudes observed. | Corresponding times. 


Hil tl 


OF Gre h.-m. 8. True altitude = A 

60 40 00 20 02 08. 
02° 37. 2m=L+A+A = 
03 06.5 
03 36. ™ — 
04 05. m—A = 
04 35.5 

59 40 00 20 05 04.5 log cos m — 

——— == log sin (m—A) = 
60 16 00 20 03 35.93 


log cos m sin (m—A) = 
log cos L sin A 


OF 


47 03 50 
70 10 00 
30 02 34 


147 


16 44 


73 38 22 
43 35 28 


9. 4497575 
9. 8385388 
19, 2882963, 
9. 8067069 


Refraction = R 
Parallax = P 
Semi-diam. = Sd 
R, P, and Sd 
Observed 2 alt. 
Index error 


2 alt. corrected 


Altitude 
R, P, and Sd 


True alt. = A 


—Coronometer, 


60 10 00 
1 20 


= 60 08 40 


30 04 20 
— 1 26 


30 02 54 


l| 


—-— log cos L = 9. 8332634 
log sin? 4p = 19. 4815894 log sin A = 9.9734435 
log sin 4p = 9, 7407947 log cos L sin A 9. 8067069 
°o uy a“ 
kp = 33 24 16 
p in are = 66\48 32 
hm 8. 
p in time = py 1eb18 
KR = 14 09 58.65 
Equation of time = 
True time = iG) Bie each 


20 03 35. 93 


Time by chron. 


1 26 23.15 


Chron. 


Determination of the latitude by observed double altitudes of Polaris off the meridian. 


Station, Camp Lewis, Montana.—Date, September 10, 1875.—Sextant, Spencer Browning, 6536.—Index error, —1’ 20’.—Chronometer, Bond 
& Son, 202.—Observer, Wood.—Computer, Wood.—Bar., 25". 75.—Ther., 50°. 


Observed donble altitudes. Corresponding times. 


Oy eer h. ™m. log cos p log sin p 9. 99841 
93 50 30 20 14 log A log A 3. 68842 
mt eit) 15 — 

52 00 16 log A cos p= 2. 6202829 log Asin p 3. 68683 
53 50 18 = 417.1 — 
54 10 19 log (As in p)? 7. 37366 
55 «(10 20 Ce 9 we log @ 4, 35454 
55 40 20 Ist term = 6 57.1 log tan A 0.02931 
56 00 2 Alt. =A = 46 55 55. — 
56 10 22 Qdterm = 1 O13 log 2d term 1.78751 
56 30 22 —— 2d term 61.3 
56 40 23 Latitude = 47 03 53 
57 10 23 
93 57 30 20 24 
93 34 49 20 20 19.96 
1 20 
93 5329 
46 56 45 
30 
46 55 55 
Refraction 50” 
Chron. correction. 15 26m 238.15 
DW se onaessescos 88° 38! 40” 
DN 6 Pee Ga cnoSenOe nec enuaceecotice gus Sopacesaaasesetotoamtaecsae 4880!" 
hm. 8. 
AR POLSTIS b= Pls cae octane Oto neta Sit ee eels eta ae ete 1 13 33.66 
Sid. time at mean noon at this station.-------- 2 
Sid. interval from mean time of culmination. - - 6 
Retardation of mean on sidereal time ------ --- 
Mean time of culmination of star ----- 
Error of chron. at time of observation. - 1 26 23.15 
Time by chron. of culmination.----- Sap ema eoerR GES ISAE 2 iH 2 39 56.81 
Clook-timelofobservation se =e es soe eine aa el 20 20 19.96 
Hour angle, p, in sid. time ...---..-...--------.------------ 2+ +202 -- 6 19 36.85 
Sidereal equivalents in are...---...--- es Boece eee eae enero 94° 54’ 13! 
MP ID. ALC. ane ccccan cnn. ncennas=nen aaeancnas RAconoe aa nmns aa scSe SNC 


TO YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK. 


43 


Determination of the time by observed equal altitudes of the sun’s limb. 


TO CORRECT THE CHRONOMETER AT NOON, 


Station, Camp Baker, Montana.—Date, July 31, 1875.—Sextant, Spencer Browning, 6536.—Chronometer, Arnold & Dont, 1362.—Obse: ver, 
Wood —Computer, Wood. 


: Chron fast of 
Corresponding times. a gar tie 
Observed t—t’= |Equationof| ™° og Lime te 
double alti- elapsed | equal alti- oun Tld y, 
tudes, time. tudes = a. panels al rir 
a er al ¢ - 
A. M.=t Pt adass 
Ces itt av eTiae ae hom. 8. h. m. 8. hom. 8. 
73 20 00 9 39 53.5 5 00 45. 
40 07. 00 30.5 
40 23.5 00 15. 
40 38. 00 00.5 
40 52.5 4 59 45.5 
41 07. 59 30.5 
4. 24, 59 16.5 |} 7 18 +9. 60 1 14 21.94 
41 37.5 59° OL. 
41 353. 58 45.5 
42 08.5 58 (31. 
42 23. 58 16. | 
42 33.5 58 OL. 
74 20 00 9 42 53. 4 57 46. J 
9 41.93. | 4 59 15.73 
hm 5. 
oo 7) 180 log A (page 164) = — 9. 4742 log B = 9.2355 16 59 15.73 
— 37”. 03 log =— 1. 5687 log 6 = — 1. 5687 a ees 
L= 46° 40’ 40” log tan = 0.0254 logtanD — 9.5182 3640 38.73 
ist term = +11". 70 - 13.20 19.36 
2d term =— 2.10 =-+ 1.0683 = — 0, 3224 a fo 9.60 
x = + 9, 60 = equation of equal altitudes. 13 20 28.96 
12 06 07.02 
1 14 21.94 


Determination of latitude by cireum-meridian altitudes. 


Station, Camp Baker, Montana.—Date, July 31, 1875.—Object observed, ©.—Sextant, Spencer Browning, 6536.—Index error, —50’.—Chro- 
nometer, Arnold & Dent, 1362.—Observer, Wood.—Computer, Wood.—Bar., 25'».20.—Ther., 85°. 


cs 5 + Obs'd 2 cir- | Obs’d  alti- area 
pesuee of Mer. dist. eine P | cost cos D |Red. tomer.) cum-meri- | tudes, cor- | True alti- eaale mer: ale Lat. deduced 
roo y —p. sin l”. |——“cosia, | inarc==. dian alti- | rected for | tudes=a. ae =90°+D—A. 
: =k. tudes. index error. ete 
‘ 
h. mm. &. 7 a“ “ ‘ “a fo} t a“ fo} , a“ °o ’ “u fo} t a“ fe} ’ “ 
110 37.5 9 51.5 190.8 |) if 4 21 123 33 10 61 46 10 6l 30 OL 6l 34 22 46 40 43 
1111.5 917.5 169.5 y 3 52] 122 30 50 6L 15 00 30 27 34 19 40 46 
11 43. 8 46. 151.0 | | 3 25 | 123 34 50 6L 47 00 30 51 34°16 40 49 
12 12. 8 17. 134.7 3 04 122 32 00 61 15 35 31 02 34° 06 40 59 
12 35.5 7 53.5 122.2 | 2 50 123 35 50 61 47 30 31 21 34 «11 40 54 
13 01.5 727.5 109.3 | 2 29 122 32 50 61 16 00 31 27 33 «(56 40 69 
13 42.5 6 46.5 90.0 | 2 03) 123 37 20 61 4R 15 32 06 34 09 40 56 
1419.5 6 09.5 74.5 1 42 122 35 00 61 17 05 32 32 34 14 40 51 
14 47.5 5 41.5 63. 6 | 1 2 123 38 40 61 48 55 32 46 34°13 40 52 
15 22.5 5 06.5 51.2 1 10 122 35 40 61 17 25 32 52 34 02 40 63 
16 03. 4 26. 38. 6 | 53} 123 40 20 61 49 45 33 36 34 29 40 36 
16 31. 3 58. 31.0 | 42 122 36 30 61 17 50 33° «17 33 59 40 66 
17 06.5 3 22.5 22.4 * | 31 123 41 00 61 50 05 33° 56 34 27 40 38 
17 47. 2 42, 14.3 = 20 122 37 10 6l 18 10 33 37 33° 57 40 68 
18 15. 2 14. 9.8 | es | 13 | 123 41 20 61 50 15 34° (06 34 19 40 46 
18 45.5 1 43.5 5.8 aa 8 122 37% 50 61 18 30 33° 57 34° (05 40 60 
19 21.5 1 07.5 2.4 | a 3 123 42 10 61 50 40 34 31 34° 34 40 31 
19 55. 34. 0.6 a 1 122 38 10 61 18 40 34 07 34 08 40 57 
20 32. 3. 0.0 S 0 123 42 00 61 50 35 34 26 34 26 40 39 
20 58.5 29.5 0.5 Ss 4 1 122 38 00 61 18 35 34 02 34° (03 40 62 
. 2133.5 1 04.5 2.3 5 3 | 123 42 00 61 50 35 34° 26 34 29 40 36 
22 16. 1 47. 6.3 | =| | 8 122 38 00 61 18 35 34 02 34 10 40 55 
22 44.5 215.5 10.0 a 14 123 41 20 61 50 15 34° «(06 34 20 40 45 
23 23.5 2 54.5 16.6 q 23 | 122 37 20 61 18 15 33 42 34° 05 40 60 
23 55, 3 26. 23.0 ° 32} 123 41 10 61 50 10 34° (OL 34° 33 40 32 
24 32. 4 03. 32, 2 o | 44 122 36 40 61 17 55 33 22 34° (06 40 59 
25 00. 4 31. 40.1 55 | 123 40 40 61 49 55 33° 46 34 41 40 24 
25 30.5 5 01.5 49.5 | 1 08] 122 36 00 61 17 35 33° 02 34 10 40 55 
25 56. 27. 58. 3 1 19} 123 39 00 61 49 05 32 56 34°15 40 50 
26 21.5 52.5 67.8 1 33 122 34 50 61 17 00 32 27 34 00 40 65 
26 52. 23. 80.0 | 1 49 123 37 30 61 48 20 32 11 34 00 40 65 
27 24.5 55.5 94.1 | 2 09; 122 34 30 61 16 50 32 17 34 26 40 39 
27 57.5 28.5 109. 7 2 30] 123 37 30 61 48 20 32 11 34 41 40 24 
28 29.5 00.5 126.0 | | 2 52] 122 32 20 61 15 45 3) 12 34 (04 40 61 
29 11.5 42.5 149.0 3 24] 123 35 10 61 47 10 31 (OL 34° 25 40 40 
29 42.5 13.5 167.0 | | 3 48 122 30 40 6L 14 55 30 22 34 10 40 55 
30 12. 43, 185. 4 4 14] 123 33 20 61 46 15 30 06 34 20 40 45 
1 30 41.5! 10 12.5 204.5 |) l 4 40! 122 29 20 61 14 15 61 29 42 61 34 22 46 40 43 
STUER Ee ee eee te era nes Se echo ais a ai one rm oe tee eeweeeueeeaneanwavwienasnwac~ 46 40 49 
° , “ h. mM. 8. , “uw , 
90 App. lat. =1= 46 40 40 cos 9.83639 Chron. correction 1 14 21.94 Semi-diam. — 15 47.9 +4 15 47.9 
18 15 05 Dec. = 18 15 05 cos 9.97758 Equation of time 6 07.02 Refraction — 24.9 — 
— 7 = 41 33 cos 0.32204 —_— —— Parallax oe 4.2 4 
108 15 05 1 20 28.96 SS 
1.3677 0.13601 — 16 08.6 + 15 27.2 


" 


24.9 
4.2 


44 : RECONNAISSANCE FROM CARROLL, MONTANA, 


Determination of the latitude by observed double altitudes of Polaris off the meridian. 


Station, Camp Baker, Montana—Date, July 31, 1875.—Ref. Circle, Gambay & Son, 212—Chronometer, Bond & Son, 202.—Observer, Wood. 
Computer, Wood.—Bar., 25'2.24.—Ther., 60°. 


Observed double altitudes. Uorresponding times. 
cote te h. ™m. §&. log cos p = 9. 6527431 log sin p 9. 95098 
18 35 49.5 log A = 3. 6894864 log A 3. 68949 
36 48. —_—— 
37 22. log A cos p = 3. 3422295 log Asin p 3.64047 
37 657. = 21997 
38 22.5 log (Asin p)? 7. 28094 
38 53. Oe hares log a 4. 38454 
39) 923: 1st term = 36 39 logtan A 0.01601 
40 32. Ai ——vAGne— Ab sind — 
720 00 00 41 19.5 2d term = 48 log 2d term 1.68149 
201 22 20 18 41 54. 2d term 4" 
= Latitude = 46 40 48 
O21 e225 20 18 32 50.05 
92 08 14 
46 04 O07 
46 
46 03 21 
INDIO A. AotSascine- Sosecoeaseodssaosse+ ssa scscoescctooserosens stn0 46” 
Chron. correction . — 1* 12m 755.05 
Dec - 5 19°21) u2l! 
(iN saadice SAAReR GOO se Mean ooecrco seesse seeaecesese 4892" 
hm. 8. 
FAVRE) oo seem eitiew oe aac seco conde cH SSeS sees ocosearnecne sseonsesss 1 13 05 
Sid. time at mean noon at this station...--...- 
Sid. interval from meun time of culmination. 
Retardation of mean on sidereal time---.---.--- 
Mean time of culmination of star---.- : = 
Error of chron. at time of obzervation......-..---.-.---.-------.---- 1 2 3 


Time by chron. of culmination - 
Clock-time of observation 


our-an ele sin sid tain os aaa ae ee em eos 7 46 50 
Sidereal equivalents in arc. ..-..-..-.-.---- Seic BEreneonanseeatncoc 116° 42 30” 
pinare 


TO YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK. 45 


Determination of latitude by circum-meridian altitudes. 


Station, Camp Baker, Montana.—Date, August 1, 1875.—Object observed, ©-—Sextant, Spencer Browning, 6536.—Index error, — 33/,—Chro- 
nometer, Arnold & Dent, 1362.—Observer, Wood.—Computer, Wood.—Bar., 25'".20.—Ther., 85°. 


. 2 Obs’d 2 cir- | Obs'd  alti- ; 
Tie of Mer. dist. eae BD coslcos D|Red.tomer.,) cum-meri- | tudes, cor- | True alti- Draper eee Lat. deduced 
wie a =p. sin 1” |——ogq.|imarc=a.| dian alti-| rected for | tudes=a. seni =90°+ D—A. 
eo =k. tudes. index error. are 
E iH = z ~ 
h. m. 8. au uw / a“ fo} d uw oO ve a“ fe} ( a“ fo} / ur o ‘ “ 
5 ie oe 6 09 74.3 |) ( 1 41] 122 05 00 61 02 13 61 17 40 61 19 21 46 40 44 
14 53.5 5 33 60.5 1 22) 123 08 30 61 33 59 61 17 50 61 19 12 46 40 53 
15 40.5 4 46 44.6 | 1 O1/} 122 06 40 61 03 03 61 18 30 61 19 31 46 40 34 
16 26, 4 00 31.4 43 | 123 09 40 61 34 34 6l 18 25 61 19 08 46 40 57 
16 48. 3 38 26.0 35 | 122 06 40 61 03 03 61 18 30 61 19 05 46 40 60 
17 21.5 3 05 18.7 ce | 25 | 123 10 30 61 34 59 61 18 50 61 19 15 46 40 50 
17 49. 23 13.4 | 2 18} 122 07 20 61 03 23 61 18 50 61 19 08 46 40 57 
18 33.5 153 7.0 sat | 9] 123 10 40 61 35 04 61 18 55 6L 19 04 46 40 61 
19 11.5 11S 3.0 ee 4) 122 07 40 61 03 33 61 19 00 61 19 04 46 40 61 
19 40. 46 1.0 os 1} 123 11 10 61 35 19 61 19 10 61 19 11 46 40 S4 
20 13.5 13 0.0 & 0/122 08 00 61 03 43 6L 19 10 61 19 10 46 40 55 
20 44. 18 0.0 = 0} 123 11 10 61 35 19 61 19 10 6l 19 10 46 40 55 
21 09.5 43 | 1.0 Es 1} 122 07 50 61 03 36 61 19 03 61 19 04 46 40 61 
21 40.5 114) 3.0 4/123 11 00 61 35 14 61 19 05 61 19 09 46 40 56 
22 04. 1 38 5.2 += 7 | 122 OF 50 61 03 36 61 19 03 61 19 10 46 40 55 
22 36. 2 10 | 9.2 sg 12} 123 10 40 61 35 04 61 18 55 62 19) “07 46 40 58 
23 09. 2 43 14.5 | = 20 | 122 07 10 61 03 18 61 18 45 61 19 05 46 40 60 
23 41. 31 20.7 ° | 2e |] 123 10 10 61 34 48 61 18 39 61 19 07 46 40 538 
24 25. 3 59 3L.1 | o | 42} 122 06 40 61 03 03 61 18 30 61 19, 12 46 40 53 
25 02. 4 36 41.5 56 | 123 09 20 6L 34 24 61 18 15 (ipl a akil 46 40 54 
25 38. 5 12) 53, 1 112) 122% 05: 30: 61 02 28 61 17 55 61 19 07 46 40 58 
26 05. 5 39 | 62.7 1 25 | 123 08 30 61 33 59 61 17 50 6) 19) 15 46 40 50 
26 29.5 6 03 7.9 1 38] 122 04 40 61 02 03 61 17 30 61 19 08 46 40 57 
1 26 48.5 6 22 79.6 1 48] 123 07 40 61 33 34 61 17 25 61 19 13 46 40 52 
24)15 12] 122 38 20 
33 
38 |————_—_— 
2) 122 37 47 
61 18 53.5 
21 
61 18 32.5) 
38 
61 19 10.5 
108 00 04.7 
46 40 54.2 
IWIN. ooaseeemasescotéooas saga cha cones Sco Coot OTS SSE SSS NSS EAS & Tone Oo SIS ne Sen oie poo COIR SeSE Sess momcnes 46 40 54.4 
90 00 00.0 WP aL, Aaa th he 
18 00 04.7 App.lat.=1= 46 40 45. cos 9.83638 Chron. correction 1 14 22.38 Semi-diam.—15 48. +15 48. 
—_—- Dec. = 18 00 04.7 cos 9.97820 Equation of time 6 03.83 Refraction — 25.2 — 25. 2 
108 00 047 © a = 61 18 30. cos 0. 31867 —_ Parallax + 4.2 +4 4.2 
61 19 21. 1 20 26.21 -— —— 
— —- 0, 13325 —16 09. +15 27. 


46 40 44. 


46 RECONNAISSANCE FROM CARROLL, MONTANA, 


. Determination of latitude by circum-meridian altitudes. 


Station, Camp Baker, Montana.—Date, August 3, 1875.—Object observed, ©.—Sextant, Spencer Browning, 6536.—Index error, — 25/,—Chro- 
nometer, Arnold & Dent, 1362—Observer, Wood.—Computer, Wood.—Bar., 25'».20.—Ther., 86°. 


; eee Obs’d 2 cir- | Obs’d — alti- , 

Times of Mer. dist. 2 sin? 4p cosl cos D |Red.tomer.| cum-meri- | tudes, cor-| True alti- True mer. alt 8 | Lat. deduced 
ene by =p. sin 1” GOSta inare=a.| dian alti-| rected for| tudes =a. feduced =90°+ D—A. 
On =k. : tudes. index error. | Pees 

h.m. ge 7 7? W ‘ a“ ° uw ° ‘ “ ° ‘ “ ro} y uw co) / “ 

112 59.5 7 20 105. 6 |) ( 2 26 122 05 00 61 02 17 61 46 07 61 48 33 45 40 38 
13 28.5 6 51 9271 2 07 a2) 02" 20, 60 30 58 46 25 48 32 39 
13 53.5 6 26 81.3 | | 1 33 122 06 00 61 02 47 46 37 48 30 4l 
14 24.5 5) Bp} 68. 7 1 35 121 03 10 60 31 23 46 50 48 25 46 
14 51.95 5 28 58. 7 | ih pal 122 07 00 6l 03 17 47 07 48 28 43 
15 23. 4 56 47.8 pO] iy fe ©) ee SC) 60 31 53 47 20 438 26 45 
16 01. 418 36.3 ae | 50 122 08 10 61 03 52 47 42 48 32 39 
16 32. 3 47 28.1 2 39 121 05 00 60 32 18 47 45 48 24 47 
17 00. 3 19 21.6 a 29 122 08 40 61 04 07 47 57 48 26 45 
17 27.5 2 52 16.1 22 121 05 30 60 32 33 48 00 48 22 49 
18 04.5 215 10. 0 | eo | 14 | 122 09 40 61 04 37 48 27 42 41 aoa ROO 
18 28. 151 6.7 a 9 | 121 05 30 60 32 33 48 00. 48 09 62 
19 00.5 119 3.4/( 5 } 4 122 09 50 6t 04 42 43 32 48 36 35 
19 30.5 49 1.3 | { Ss } 1) 121 06 20 60 32 58 | 48 25 48 26 45 
20 00.5 19 0.0 | 0 | 122 09 40 61 04 37 48 27 48 27 44 
20 30.5 11 0.0 | a=] | 0} 12t 06 10 66 32 53 48 20 48 20 51 
21 52.5 1 33 4.7 Ss | 6 122 09 20 61 04 27 48 17 48 23 43 
22 37. 218 10.4 | j a 14 121 05 40 60 32 38 48 05 48 19 52 
23 09, 2 50 15. 8 5) 22 122 09 00 6L 04 17 48 07 48 29 42 
23 34, 315 20.7 o 29 121 05 20 60 32 28 47 55 48 24 47 
24 03. 3 44 27.4 38 122 08 20 61 03 57 47 47 48 25 46 
24 36. 417 36. 0 | 50 121 04 50 60 32 13 47 40 48 30 41 
25 08. 4 49 45.5 1 03 122 07 40 61 03 37 47 27 48 30 41 
25 50. 5 31 59. 8 22) 121 03 30 60 31 33 47 00 48 22 49 
26 42.5 6 23 80.0 | 1 SL 122 06 10 61 02 52 46 42 48 33 38 
27 14.5 6 55 94.0 |) ( 2 10 121 02 00 60 30 48 61 46 15 -61 48 25 46 40 46 

WIGBE <ec odo ese mosbececooSone bets Stes es moc Coase Sos se pbiogas aS Host OOS Conese Sos sen oSsere sot onceesodescorcasseans 46 40 44 

¥ ° q Ih hm. 8. ’ u ‘ uu 

90 00 00 App. lat.=2 = 46 40 40 cos 9.83648 Chron. correction 1 14 23.7 Semi-diam. — 15 483 +415 483 

L729 28 Dec. = 17 29 11 cos 9.97945 Equation of time 5 55.5 Refraction — 25.6 — 25.6 

—— a = 61 48 cos 0.32555 - Parallax + 43 4+ 4.3 

107 29 11 it pi) He} ee —_—— 

61 48 33 1.385 0.14148 — 16 09.6 + 15 27.0 

46 40 38 


Determination of latitude by circum-meridian altitudes. 


Station, Camp Baker, Montana.—Date, August 4, 1875.—Object observed, a Ophiuchi.—Sextant, Spencer Browning, 6536.—Chronometer, Bon 
& Son, 202.—Observer, Wood.—Computer, Wood.—Bar., 25i», 22.—Ther., 579. 


Times of obs. |Mer. dist. 2 se cos 1 cos D Red. to mer. Obeldey Creu 
by chron. =p aS : cos @ in are=@. alae 
h. m. Ss. ? “ a“ a“ ° / a“ 
18 31 34. | 10 12. 204.2 |} (1) (| 111 50 40 
32 20. 9 26. 174.7 | 51 30 
33 07.5 & 38.5 146. 6 | 53 00 
33 Ol. 7 55. 123.1 | 53 50 
34 32.5 REG) 102.5 | | 54 50 
35 09. 6 37. 86. 0 | | 5D «20 
36 11. i Bhp, 61.2 oS | 56 00 
37° 14.5| 4 31.5 40.2 2 56 50 
38 «06. 3 40. 26. 4 = 57 30 
38 43.5] 3 02.5 18. 2 = 58 00 
39 22. 2 24. 11.3 2 58 10 
40 13. 1 35. 4.7 a, 38 20 
41 00.5 45.5 iil t Ss 85.1 J 58 50 
41 53.5 07.5 0.0 5 Sie) 58 20 
42 54, 1 08. 2.5 A 58 30 
43. 51.5 | 2 05.5 8.6 5 58 20 
44 38.5) 2 52.5 16.2 gs j 38 10 
45 20. 3 39. 26.2 a 57 50 
46 10, 4 24, 38. 0 iS) 56 40 
46 55.5] 5 09.5 52.3 ©) 56 20 
47 32.5] 5 46.5 65. 5 | 56 00 
48 16. 6 30. 83. 0 55 «10 = 
48 53. 7 07 99.7%) 54 20 
49 31. 7 45. 117.9 | | 54 (00 
50 34.5] 8 48.5 152. 3 52 30 
18) 51) 32, 9 46, 187.3 |) J l 111 51 50 
Seay 48 
71. 14 RT Se 60 
lll 54 48 _ 
55) 57) 24 
32 
55 56 52 
1 25.1 
ay ayy weal 
102 39 08.6 
46 40 51.5 
ER i Why i 
App. lat.=1—= 46 40 40. cos 9.83648 Chron. correction 1 12 35.65 Semi-diam. 
Dec. = 12 39 08.6 cos 9.98932 * MR 17 29 10,38 Refraction — 32” 
@ Sah) ay cos 0, 25188 —— Parallax 
- Equation of time 18 41 46.03 
1.196 0. 07768 


oS 


TO YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK. 47 


Determination of the latitude by observed double altitudes of Polaris off the meridian. 


Station, Camp Baker, Montana.—Date, August 4, 1875.—Ref. Circle, Gambay & Son, 212.—Chronometer, Bond & Son, 202.—Observer, Wood.— 
Computer, Wood.—Bar., 25'».22,—Ther., 57°. 


Observed double altitudes. Corresponding times. 
ONeill Te Mm. <8. log cos p = 9.2947207 log sin p 9. 991395 
e IG Sh Gs log A = 3. 6893977 log A 3. 689398 
37 «(59.5 —— 
38 48. log A cos p = 2, 9841184 log Asin p _—_ 3. 680793 
39 26. — 964”, 1 —— 
39 58.5 log (4 sin p)? 7.36159 
40 32. Ome I log a 4, 38454 
41 17.5 1Isttem = 16 04,1 log tan A - 02125 
41 53. Ai AS — 461 28 105 = 
208 17 00 42 25. 2d term = 58.5 log 2d term 1. 76738 
720 00 00 19 42 56. a 2d term 98.5 
—- —— Latitude = 46 41 07.6 
10) 928 17 00 19 40 15.25 
92 49 42 
46 24 51 
46 
46 24 05 
TREO oo so Sac Sones se ELC aon asec eas ace cRE Sao neeeeee eee sees 46” 
Chron, correction be c 15 12m 353.65 
Dee 88° 38/ 29” 
A... 4391” 
: hom. 5s 
ZRIRG ENE 25 a sa Se Beeb oerse sor ee neni naa minnie eine =m 1 13 08.00 
Sid. time at mean noon at this station......... 
Sid. interval from mean time of culmination. . 
Retardation of mean on sidereal time..---..-- 
Mean time of culmination of star......-..--.. 
Error of chron. at time of observation . ......---..-..-.-.2--2.--+---- L212) 35.65 
‘imo by ebron. Of culmination) 20. - 225.4 secee seco usec ne enna on 2 25 43.65 
Glock-fimelon observation anes on mee anon a enn se cee nee Gnas) nee 19 40 15.25 
OUT ADSL S rnin ela hNON eis saeeman tae cemene sete ecas «ee ae eee 6 45 28 a 
Siderealiequmiwalentacin arcs oesewe cases eas eases neoe ese eee 101° 22’ 06” 
ADAIR Reet Petts ce ee cee ee a ate ene ee eg SOE 


Determination of latitude by cireum-meridian altitudes. 


Station, Camp Baker, Montana.—Date, August 4, 1875.—Object observed, 7 Serpentis.—Sextant, Spencer Browning, 6536.--Index error, — 30/.— 
Chronometer, Bond & Son, 202.—Observer, Wood.—Computer, Wood.—Bar., 25in.22.—Ther., 57°. 


Ti 9 gi Obs’d 2 cir- 
ice oa Mer. dist. emi cos cos D |Red. to mer.| cum-meri- 
aah =p. ; cosa. | inarc—z2. dian alti- 
chron. ==) ¢ tudes. 
h. mM. 8. t “ u a“ fo} v a“ 
19 23 18.5 410.5 34,3 |) = } ( 80 49 00 
24 07. 3 22. 22.3 | 49 00 
24 49. 2 40. 14.0 a | 49 00 
25 37.5 1 41.5 5.7 5 49 10 
26 42.5 46.5 1.2 = 49 10 
27 19.5 09.5 .0 = 49 30 
28 O01. 32. woul =! 13 49 30 
28 42. 1 13. 2.9 | 49 20 
29 19. 1 50. 6.6 wey 49 10 
30 04.5 2 35.5 13.2 a 49 00 
30 46. 3 17. 21.2 3 | | 49 00 
31 24, 3 55. 30. 1 a 48 10 
19 32 11. 4 42. 43. 4 fo) uJ l 80 47 40 
15.0 80 48 58 
30 
80 48 28 
"40 24 14 
57 
40 23 17 
13 
40 23 30 
87 04 12 
46 40 42 
Ose! “ hm 8. Semi-diam. 
App.lat.=l/= 46 40 40. cos 9.83648 Chron.correction 1 12 35.65 Refraction 57” 
Dee. =S8. 2 55 48.3 cos 9.99943 *x R 18 14 53,22 Parallax 
a ==  40' 23° 20: cos 0, 11824 
19 27 28.87 


. 879 9, 94415 


48 RECONNAISSANCE FROM CARROLL, MONTANA, 


Observation for time. 


Station, Camp Baker, Montana.—Date, August 5, 1875.—Object observed, Altair.—Ref. circle, Gambay & Son, 212.—Chronometer, Bond & 
Sons, 202.—Observer, Wood.—Computer, Wood.—Bar., 25i0,30.—Ther., 53°. 


° , on “u 


Double altitudes observed. Corresponding times. Latitude=L = 46 40 40 Refraction =R = 56.8 
N. polar dist. =A = 81 27 33 Parallax — P = 
° ou h. Mm. _&. True altitude=A = 40 19 44 Semi-diam.—Sd = 
18 24 55.5 — a R, P, and Sd — 
25 47.5 Qm=—=L+A+A = 168 27 57 Observed 2 alt. = 
26 16. — — Index error = 
27 06.5 ™m = 84 13 58.5 Qalt. corrected = 
27 «37. m—A = 43 54 14.5 Altitude = 
28 07.5 R, P, and Sd — 
28 40. log ens m = 49.0021000 True alt. =A — 
29 15.5 log sin (m—A) = 9.8410167 
86 53 30 29 46. — — log cos L = 9.363878 
720 00 00 18 30 24.5 log cos m sin (m—A) = 18. 8431167 log sin A =. 9.9951569 
— log cos L sin A = 9,8315447 eee 25 
806 53 30 18 27 47.6 ——_ log cos Lsin A = 9.8315447 
— — log sin? 4p = 19. 0115720 
80 41 21 —— —_— 
——_—. log sin} p = 9.5057860 
40 20 40.5 
56. 8 ° } u 
ore ip = 18 41 29 
40 19 44 p in are — 37 22 58 
hom & 
p in time = 2 28) aby 
* R = 19 44 43.9 
True time = aly iby 102 
Time by chron. = 18 27 47.6 
Chron. fast — eet dob 


Observation for time. 


Station, Camp Baker, Montana.—Date, Angust 5, 1875.—Object observed, Arcturus.—Ref. circle, Gambay & Son, 212.—Chronometer, Bond & 
Son, 202.—Observer, Wood.—Computer, Wood.—Bar., 25'2.30.—Ther., 53°. : 
o / a“ 


Double altitudes observed. Corresponding times. Latitude —L = 46 40 40 Refraction =R = 58. 
N. polar dist. =A = 7 10 00 Parallax = P = 
oh td hes) Mi) eS. True altitude=A = 39 2 30 Semi-diam.—Sd = 
18 51 44. — — R, P, and Sd — 
52 56.5 2m=—L+A4+A = 156 16 10 Observed 2 alt. = 
53 30. — —_ Index error — 
54 (07. ™ = 78 08 05 2Qalt. corrected = 
54 34. m—A = 38 42 35 Altitude = 
5459.5 R, P, and Sd = 
55 29. log cos m = 9.3130467 True alt. =A = 
a Te log sin (m—A) = 9.7961406 
68 49 30 56 28.5 = —— log cos L = 9. 8363875 
720 00 00 18 56 55.5 log cos msin (m—A) = 19. 1091873 log sin A = 9.9734435 
———_|— — = log cos L sin A = 9.8098313 — —— 
10)788 49 30 18 54 39.95 = = log cos L sin A = 9.8098313 
——— log sin? 4p = 19. 2993560 
78 52 57 —— — 
——_ — — log sin 3p = 9.6496780 
39 26 28.0 
538 ° , u“ 
ees ip = 26 30 36 
39 25 30 p in are —" 93) (OL 12 
hom. s. 
pin time = 3 32 04.8 
*x R = 14" 09) (59.2 
True time = 17 42 03.9 
Time by chron. = 18 54 39.95 


Chron. fast = il ip sit 


TO YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK. 


49 


Determination of latitude by circum-meridian altitudes. 


Station, Camp Baker, Montana.—Date, August 5, 1875.—Object observed, a Ophiuchi.—Ref. circle, Gambay & Son, 212.—Chronometer, Bond 
& Son, 202.—Observer, Wood.—Computer, Wood.—Bar., 25'".30.—T her., 53°. 


App. lat. = 
Dec. 
a 


Times of obs. |Mer. dist. Ssin'tp cosl cos D |Red. tomer. ObenEr ed ee 
by chron, =p. Ds “cosa = |imarc=2.) aitituaes, 
h. m. 8. ‘ “ “ a“ ° ‘ au 
18 35 33.5 6 13 75.9 rr} ( 
37 54.5 3 52 29.4 = 
38 51. 2 55 16.7 n 
39 51. 1 55 U2 | g | 
40 52.5 54 1.6 4 
41 59.5 SY oe eis e & 40.8 
43 10.5 1 24 3.9 = 3 
44 18, 2 32 12.6 5 
45 17. 3 31 24,3 S, 
46 41, 4 56 47.8 n | 
47 58.5 6 12 75.5 (=! 
18 49 24, 7 33 114. 4 13) ( 623 26 40 
720 00 00 
34,1 -. 
12)1343 26 40 
lll 57 13.3 
55 58 36.6 
33 
55 58 03.6 
40.8 
55 58 44.4 
102 39 08.7 
46 40 im 
Shy lt! hom 8. 
U = 46 40 40 cos 9.83643 Chron. correction 1 12 35.8  Semi-diam. 
= 12 39 087 cos 9.98932 Equation of time 17 29 10.4 Refraction 33” 
= 55 58 cos 0. 25206 —— Parallax 


1.196 


0. 07786 


18 41 46.2 


Determination of latitude by cirewm-meridian altitudes. 


Station, Camp Baker, Montana.—Date, August 5, 1875.—Object observed, 7 Ser: entis.—Ref. circle, Gambay & Son, 212.—Chronometer, Bond 
& Son, 202.—Observer, Wood.—Computer, Wood.—Bar., 27». 30.—Ther., 53°, 


iw 


Times of obs. 
by chron. 
hom 8&8. 
19 23 15. 

24 53.5 
25 55. 
26 55.5 
27 56.5 
28 54. 
30 24.5 
19 31 34. 
° t “ 
46 40 40 
2 55 
40 23 20 


. 879 


Mer. dist. 
—— Dp. 


u 


14, 
35. 5 
34, 
33.5 
27.5 
25. 
59. 5 
05. 


Roe > 


moe 


in2 
2 Bu a P| cos 1 cos D 
pee cos @ 
a“ a 
35.2 3 ( 
13.2 a | 
4.8 = 
0.6 aS 
0.4 + & ) 
3.9 : 
16.8 | < 
B27 N a 
oO 
13, 45 


Obs’d 2 circum- 
meridian alti- 
tudes. 


8)646 29 00 


80 48 37.5 


: 40 24 18.7 
56. 4 
40 23 22.3 
11.8 


40 23 34.1 


cos 9. 83648 
48.3 cos 9.99943 
cos 0, 11824 


9.94415 


Chron. correction 1 


* AR 


h. m.. 8 
12 35.8 
18 14 53.2 


19 27 29.0 


Semi-diam. 
Refraction 
Parallax 


56.4 


50 RECONNAISSANCE FROM CARROLL, MONTANA, 


Determination of the latitude by observed double altitudes of Polaris off the meridian. 


Station, Camp Baker, Montana.—Date, August 5, 1875.—Ref. circle, Gambay & Son, 212.—Clronometer, Bond & Son, 202.—Observer, Wood.— 
Computer, Wood.—Bar., 25. 30.—Ther., 53°. 


Observed double altitudes. Corresponding times. 
Oat h. ™. 8 log cosp = 9. 3227046 logsin p 9.99018 
19 34 18.5 log A = 3. 6893977 log A 3. 68940 
34 42. —- - 
3) 8)b log 4 cos p= 3. 0121023 log Asin p 3.67958 
36 30. Spee) —_—— 
37 06.5 os log (A sin p)27. 35916 
37 (37.5 D5 H log a 4. 38454 
38 08.5 istterm = 17 08.3 logtan A .02091 
38 44. Alt.=A = 46 22 43.2 —— 
907 50 00 39) zoo! 2d term 58. 2 log 2d term 1.76461 
5 19 39 57.5 — 2d term 58”, 2 
720 00 00 : = 
———_-—— SS == Latitude = 46 40 49.7 
10)927 50 00 - 19 37 11.9 
92 47 00 
46 23 30 
46.8 
46 22 43.2 2 
Refraction .. < 46.8 
Chron. correction . 15 12m 355.8 
Dec 88° 3387 29” 
DNaeiems 2 TSO RETEST OD SO DSO DE SRO SEES oso cho sessen sosssomaasco 4991" 
5 is 
20) TED ES hem nsec scp sace GaSe cose eco ese so aac ecoo Sac cosesosSacessencs 1 13 08.76 
Sid. time at mean noon at this station-- 
Sid. interval from mean time of culmination = 
Retardation of mean on sidereal time 2 
Mean time of culmination of star ---. = 
Error of chron. at time of observation ....-..-.-...------------------- 1 12 35.8 
Time by chron. of culmination........-....---.- .-----<--------------- 2mo5 44.56 
Clock-iame phopsenyahion een sn sess see ne ee eee 19 37 11:9 
Hour-angle)p in mean) time ~~ --<- <n nae en ee omen eee ee nana 6 48 32.66 
Sidereal equivalents in arc. --.---... ------.-5- 65-2222. - ene cee nee 102° 08’ 10” 


FOUN BRD sosaScosceonsosecsssce seasse sass sonesosoteosonsesosasSioosesss 


Determination of the latitude by observed double altitudes of Polaris off the meridian. 


Station, Camp Baker, Montana.—Date, August 5, 1875.—Sextant, Spencer Browning, 6536.—Index error, —60’.—Chronometer, Bond & Son, 
202.—Observer, Wood.—Computer, Wood.—Bar., 25'», 30.—Ther., 53°. 


Observed double altitudes. Corresponding times. 
Oe h. m. °8. log cosp = 9. 4822605 logsinp 9. 97901 
92 30 30 19 11 SL5 log A = 3. 6893977 log A 3. 68940 
31 10 12 44. — —_—— 
31 20 13° 24.5 log A cos p= 3. 1716582 log Asinp 3.66841 
3L 50 14 01.5 = 1484.8 ———_ 
32 10 14 40. log (A sin p)? 7. 33622 
32 40 15 23. oy Ae TA log a 4. 35454 
33 20 16 10.5 Istterm = 24 44.8 log tan A 0.01896 
34 00 16 49.5 Alt=A = 46 15 00.7 —— 
34 15 17 21.5 2dterm == 55.0 log 2d term 1. 74032 
92 34 35 19 18 06.5 a 2d term 55". 0 
SS Latitude = 46 40 40.5 
92 32 35 19 15 03.25 
1 00 
92 31 35 
46 15 47.5 
46.8 
46 15 00.7 
UNSURE RD ane nn ss on SOE Soon ces ot Seaer Ss soseeso seer scese 46.8 
Chron. correction 1h 12m 35*.8 
Dec. = 88° 38/ 29/7 
: [Ee Re Oe ene Per RO aeRO H are ACE OSTEO SSE 4891 
hm. 8. 
PAD O) ANS See ee ee 1 13 08.76 
Sid. time at mean noon at this station a5 
Sid. interval from mean time of culmination 
Retardation of mean on sidereal time ......- 
Mean time of culmination of star.-.-.. 
Error of chron, at time of observation ..........--.--.--- 1 12 35.8 
Time by chron. of culmination .......-...--.---------+---+---+-0----= 2 25 44.56 
Clock-fime of observation. 22~ | s2oce. noe nce ene eae eneesaecenaces 19 15 03.25 ° 
Honr-anelevp 00 Sid. bie eens eee eee a eee eee 7°10 41.2 


Sidereal equivalents in are 107° 40’ 20” 


ALO eto ise ee ee SSCRER CeO one EO canneas - 


TO YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK. 51 


Determination of the latitude by observed double altitudes of Polaris off the meridian. 


Station, Camp Baker, Montana.—Date, August 5, 1875.—Ref. Circle, Gambay & Son, 212.—Chronometer, Bond & Son, 202.—Observer, Wood.— 
Computer, Wood.—Bar., 25'».30.—Ther., 53°. 


Observed double altitudes. Corresponding times. 
Oe he 1%. "8: logcos p = 9. 5388061 log sin p 9. 97235 
19 O01 49.5 log A = 3. 6893977 - log 4 3, 68940 
02 41.5 = 
03 07.5 log A cos p = 3, 2282038 log Asin p 3, 66175 
03 53.5 = L691 
04 24.5 log (A sin p)? 7.32350 
05 07. Sh | Of fe log a 4, 38454 
05 54. Istferm = 28 11.2 logtan A —0, 01817 
06 32. Alt — AS 46 1 5aa7 
204 13 30 07 00. 2d term = 53. 2 log 2dterm 1, 72621 
720 00 00 19 O07 45. — 2d term 53,2 
—- —_-— Latitude = 46 40 58,1 
10) 924 13 30 19 04 49,45 
92 25 21 
46 12 40.5 
46.3 
46 1L 53.7 
TREO WHO sage Sh oosced padicog See Se CE Seo cress SeSshet eas encossranses 46.3 
Chron. correction . 1b 12m 358.8 
Weiseegsaos. 6 5 - 88° 38! 29/ 
PERSE Ce OEP Ur RE DouSetc SAAS P MOC ROONBE JOgCee ae: ean ales ila au salee eee w=— 4891" 
h. m. 8. 
JE IRM ENG oe eoncccctbacdo dae cath iek eae nods seeceon ene geetecesasor 1 13 08.76 
Sid. time at mean noon at this station. - 
Sid. interval from mean time of culminatio: 
Retardation of mean on sidereal time. - 
Mean time of culmination of star-.-.....--- 3 = 
Error of chron. at time of observation............-..-------+---.---- 1 12 35.8 
MIME Dy CHLOU AOL CULMINATION seen eieleteleina See eee eae aisle aac alamt = = 2 25 44.56 
Clock-time\of observation... ooo. ee ne een cece encennn - 19 04 49.45 
our ane leg Wu eA neti Geese eee eee ena el leet 7 20 55.1 
Sidereal equivalents im arc.............---------..-200---- ~~ en enen 110° 13’ 47” 


TOTO EC Renee OS aCbeE edocs ac cincoer Bee asoece eecerserbse dmerreasee 


ne RECONNAISSANCE FROM CARROLL, MONTANA, 


Summary table of daily instrumental observations with deduced altitudes, latitude, and longitude of each 
camp, and of the Montana posts, distances traveled, Ge. 


4 . Barom-| Eleva- . A Day’s | Total dis- 

Station. Date. Start. Arrive. Ain, || Gann Latitude. | Longitude. auettn|| sone 
1875. h. h. Inches.| Feet. Oy. Cid 0 Miles. | Miles. 

Carroll anes ane July 13} 9.00 a. m.}.-..-....... 27.50 | 2,247 A(734 (48)| GA ORI2AL00 | eee) eee eee 

Little Crooked Creek .- OLY ett |eeeemees 1.30 p. m.| 26.80 | 2,923 47 30 01 | 108 34 30 13 13 

Crooked Creek..--.-..-- -| July 16} &00a. m.| 10.00a. m.| 26.95 | 2,776 47 28 00 | 108 41 30 6 19 

Box Elder Creek. - July 18 | 7.00a. m.| 2.30p. m.| 26.28] 3,437 47 20 43 | 109 02 00 19.5 38.5 

Camp Lewis.- July 25] 6.00a.m.| 5.00 p.m.| 25.83] 3,890 47 03 47 | 109 26 30 36 74.5 

Ross's Fork..--- July 26) 7.30a. m.| 4.30 p. m.| 25.54) 4,186 46 47 03 | 109 44 00 27 101.5 

Haymaker’s Cree July 27) 7.00a.m.| 4.20p. m.| 25.07 | 4,673 46 30 00 | 110 06 40 29 130.5 

North Fork Musselshell .-..| July 28 | 7.30a. m.| 2.00 p.m.| 24.70] 5,063 46 33 13 110 28 30 19, 25 149. 75 

Brewer's Springs -----.----- July 29} 7.458, m.| 4.00 p. m.| 24.80] 4,957 46 32.50 | 110 55 40 27 176. 75 

Camp Baker .--.--- -.| July 30 | 8.30a.m.] 1.15 p. m.| 25.20] 4,538 46 40 44 | 111 11 00 16. 75 193.5 

Moss Agate Springs ..-.--- Aug. 7| 8.00a.m.| 5.00 p. m.| 24.66 | 5,106 46 23 40 | 110 53 30 27 220.5 

Twenty-five Yard Creek... | Aug. 8] 6.30a,m.| 5.30p.m.| 24.58) 5, 191 46 00 05 | 110 48 40 32 252.5 

Rontblliseee sae ssaae eee Aug. 9] 6.15a.m.| 5.00p.m.} 25.00] 4,747 45 40 15 | 110 59 04 28. 75 281. 25 

Drane’s Dam... Aug. 10} &00p.m.| 845 p. m. =l\zo sec 1.5 282. 75 

Boteler’s Ranch. Aug. 11 | 6.30a. m.| 7.30 p. m. 25 

Rocky Canon .-.---- Aug. 12} 6.30 a. m.} 12.30 p. m. = oo 

Mammoth Springs. Aug. 13 | 7.45a. m.| 6.40 p. m. = 

Meadow Brook. - Aug. 15} 8.20a.m.} 3.00 p. m. = zie 

Cascade Creek-.- | Aug. 16 | 840a.m.| 5.00p. m. ,. 2 

Mud Volcano: 2222255" 2- ==: Aug. 18] 220a. m.| 11.45a. m.| 22.40] 7, 626 44 37 17 |-- 

Yellowstone Lakeandreturn) Aug. 19} 9.30a.m.| 2.30 p. m. = 

Lower Geyser Basin..-..-.- Aug. 20 | 830a._m.| 5.00 p. m. s 

Upper Geyser Basin. -| Aug. 21} 1410p. m.} 4.20 p. m. = 

Jay Creek .....- Aug. 24 | 840a. m.| 7.30 p. m. a 

Meadow Brook - Aug. 25 | 8.00a. m.| 3.50 p. m. = 

Mammoth Springs . Aug. 26 | 7.50 a. m.} 12.30 p. m. = 

Rocky Canon.... Aug. 27 | 12.30 p.m.| 5.30 p. m. a 

Boteler’s Ranch .. Aug. 28] 8.30 a. m.| 12.30 p. m. = 

Sprague’s Ranch. -| Aug. 29} §.50a. m.| 1.50 p. m. a 

Fort Ellis. ....-. -| Aug. 30 | 9.15 a. m.| 1.50 p. m. = 

Bridger Creek Bl aSepter +2) |) o.00)piyms | e750 pass | Se eneee [beeen | meme non eae eee eee semen 

Bridger Creek Sept. 3 | 10.30a. m.} 4.00 p. m. 110 53 45 

Bridger Pass... Sept. 4] 820a.m.| 6.00 p. m. 110 53 30 

Cottonwood Creek . Sept. 5| 110p.m.| 7.00 p. m. 110 45 15 

Deep Creek Sept. 6] 645a. m.|} 5.30 p. m 110 45 30 

South Fork of M -\ Sept. 7] 7.30a.m.| 4.00 p. m. 110 24 50 

Hopley’s Hole ...-...--.---- Sept. 8] 7.00a.m.| 6.15 p. m. 

Buffalo Creek. Sept. 9] 630a.m.| 1.30p. m. 

Camp Lewis -- Sept. 10 | 645a.m.| 1.45 p. m. mee 

Armell’s Creek . | Sept. 11 | 6.30a. m.} 3.30 p. m. 109 12 00 

Dog Creek .... Sept. 12 | 7.30a.m.| 3.45 p. m. 109 20 30 

Judith River .- Sept. 13 | 7.00a. m.| 7.30 p. m. 109 39 30 

Near Dog Creek . Sept. 16 | 6.30a.m.| 3.30 p. m. 109 27 30 

Armell's Creek. . Sept. 17} 6.30a.m.} 4.30 p. m 

Crooked Creek. Sept. 18 | 7.00a. m.| 4.45 p. 

Carroll........ SSE TO Vee aie PH Gin Fhe oneal bh Seca e cel boee oe cess | leesecocsesoced 

INTE ASN Sosciss dcoooosass |loscosasase moscdacoded||rasccncsasca|leseaecsel tec 47 30 33 | 111 48 19.5]. 

Fort Benton sreosacce] bs acs - -| 47 49 38] 110 39 48 


TO YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK. yey 


Distances on the Missouri River from Bismarck to Benton, from a survey by Liew. F. V. Greene, 
United States Engineers, under direction of Capt. W. J. Twining, Corps of Engineers. 


a 4 
id a8 
° 
a8 tS EE 
=A Ea 
i) i 
Miles. Miles 
805. 4 | Fort Benton ........-. ST SSS Sc Rerogecreceseooonadl Poasaede 
787.7 | Marias River .. =: 17.7 
764.9 | Little Sandy River < 40.5 
756.4 | Citadel Rock..... -.| 49 
745.9 | Cathedral Rock. . eceth  eattitey 
743.4 | Hole in the Wall. sscall (7 
BIT. | eANTOW GRAVOL) «1s om caso wianaas'e incs'slas\elvacien sin wena = 74 
725.3 | Drowned Man's Rapids. rone|| tliat! 
723.1 | Old Camp Cook.... Sced| 9 ERAS 
eee) GIGI A Tae poo gsee noncee eo n-peodcoonccecececirn 83 
718.8) | Holmes Rapids 22222. s-cccecsaecec cece seennersane 86.6 
7107.6 | Dauphin Rapids .....-..-....--- 2. ---000e---ene=-- 87.8 
693.7 | Lone Pine Rapids. nessaecace 111.7 
689.6 | Sturgeon Island............----------------+0-0-- 115. 8 
(sp) || COMyAIGIEG | se peo cassia: coeermeccopcooeceoeeceeces 123, 5 
ork 2) || eer IE TG oe ee rere emoocccoSesSEorcossceorce sae 134 
665.3 | Two Calf Island ........-..2---. 0.2.02 ---ceeeeeee- 140.1 
657.8 | Emile or Harriett Island..............-------.---- 147.6 
647.9 | Little Rock Creek .......-.--.------2----.--0----- 157.5 
(RELY) |) Chia h re sees eset nor cenosgcssecnoSserncasrasnssr 166.5 
621.7 | Beauchamp’s Creek. --| 183.7 
619.4 | Boyd’s Island...... --| 186 
600.9 | Musselshell River . --| 204.5 
CHES EI) Tul Re Oe Ge oe eeeporeceeososecosseocsnessastegsos 319.2 
AGSIGA pMalEsRivormeseescecsaeeseasenee ta aonasaoedee cee 336.8 
45374) Poraupine Creeks... scone ceeac eo enccccccceesacas 352 
373. 4 | Frenchmen’s Point.......--.------.ss--2seseee-e-- 432 
355.8 | Big Muddy River. ...... 22.2... .0..0. 22.2 cccceuee 449.6 
321.9 || Little Muddy River .---.--5-2-.-cs--¢secesennroe- 483.5 
BUR | A ORO Soe sh soSe rics sodoscmoseonSccesp sre 496 
305 Yellowstone River .......-...2-0-222----e eee eeee --| 500.4 
302.9 | Fort Buford . --| 502.5 
267.8 | Muddy River --| 5387.6 
205 White Earth Rive: 600. 4 
186.4 | Little Knife River 619 
131.6 | Little Missouri . 673. 8 
108. 4 | Fort Berthold. 697 
84 Fort Stevenson 721.4 
60.4 | Big Knife Rive 745 
52.5 | Fort Clark. 752.9 
soereoce Bismarck. . --| 805.4 


on Hal "or 


piel iret SE ialy AY Airy Meret : 
Me WW Sei 2 hae 


REPORT OF A RECONNAISSANCE OF JUDITH BASIN, AND OF A TRIP 
FROM CARROLL TO FORT ELLIS, VIA YELLOWSTONE RIVER. 


By Lirvut. R. E. Tompson. 


ForT STEVENSON, DAk., March 8, 1876. 

Sm: I have the honor to forward herewith a report of the reconnaissance of the Judith Basin, 
made during’ the past summer, in accordance with your orders, and an account of my subsequent 
return from Carroll, Mont., to Fort Ellis, by way of the Yellowstone River. 

The trip to the Judith River, which was laid out as part of the summer’s work, on condition 
that it could be completed before the close of navigation on the Upper Missouri, was ordered from 
the camp on Armell’s Creek, September 11. Its object was the examination of the country in the 
_ vicinity of the Judith, with regard to its topographical features, to accurately locate its position, 
but more particularly to afford an opportunity for a thorough search for fossil remains in the cut 
banks of its valley, which offer so extensive an exposure. The party consisted of a sergeant and 
one private of the Engineer Battalion, charged with running the trail by compass and odometer; a 
detachment of a sergeant and seven privates of the Second Cavalry as escort; and Reynolds as 
guide. 

Mr. G. B. Grinnell and Mr. Ludlow accompanied the party; the former interested in the 
paleontology and zoology of the country. Sextant-observations were made by Mr. W. H. Wood 
whenever practicable. 

Including myself, the party numbered fifteen men, all mounted, save the teamster, the ser- 
geant in charge of the odometer-cart, and the man charged with the care of the chronometers. 

On the morning of September 12, the party was put en route across a Stretch of rolling prairie 
country. The general ceurse was toward Square Butte, a landmark in the vicinity of Benton, 
considerably west of the point to be reached ; but it;was deemed advisable, from lack of knowledge 
of the country, and from the broken appearance to our right, to make the divide between Dog 
Creek and the Judith, and to follow this up till opportunity offered to descend to the valley of the 
latter stream near its mouth. The headwaters of Dog Creek were reached in the afternoon. Here 
Iwas joined by Reed, who had volunteered his services as guide. Camped at a pool near this 
creek. 

In the morning (September 13), a course more to the north was taken, bearing nearly on Bear’s 
Paw Mountains. The divide was kept. from necessity, either valley being impassable for wagon. 
Shortly after leaving camp, the broken character of the Judith Bad Lands began to appear to our 
left and front. 

For twenty miles back from the mouth of the stream, the country immediately tributary to it 
is washed and cut into the wildest and most rugged shapes. The soil is of that clayey character 
capable of supporting itself at steep inclines; and where ordinarily the drainage would be con- 
ducted in simple valleys or natural depressions, here gulches and ravines, with precipitous sides, 
are formed by the flow of the water. The worst of these were avoided, and to within ten miles of 
the mouth of the Judith our path was over a country such that a heavily-loaded wagon-train could 
have been conducted with but little difficulty. 


56 RECONNAISSANCE FROM CARROLL, MONTANA, 


The Judith and Dog Creeks from their sources converge gradually, and, at their junction with 
the Missouri, are but three miles apart. The valley of Dog Creek is broken in a manner similar to 
that of the Judith; and, back ten miles from their mouths, this erosion, from long-continued action 
of water, has gone to such extent that the summit of the divide between these two streams is a 
simple backbone of a few feet in width, and the passage of this ridge with a single wagon, lightly 
loaded and conducted with care, nearly entailed the loss of the team. This difficult piece of road 
lasted but a few hundred yards. For six miles farther on the valleys keep apart, and give a good 
stretch of prairie. 

A descent into the valley of the Judith was made at a point four miles from its mouth. 
Camped on the river; abundance of wood ; grazing poor. : 

The Judith is a swift-running stream, from 60 to 80 feet in width, and has a depth of water 
varying from 2 to 4 feet. Its sources in the Judith Mountains are clear, cold springs, but the 
character of the water changes completely in its course to the Missouri. Its temperature is very 
much increased, and a considerable amount of earthy matter is taken up and held in suspension. 
Though all its upper branches are plentifully stocked with trout, none of these fish were taken in 
the main stream. Its valley proper, from bluff to bluff, is about a mile wide, well timbered with 
a young growth of cottonwood. Scrub pines and cedars are sparsely scattered over the highlands, 
principally on the sides and at the heads of ravines. From the rate at which the wood is now 
being taken out for the supply of steamboats, the whole will be exhausted before many years. 

September 14, moved camp half a mile down stream for better grazing; visited Fort Claggett, 
a small Indian trading-post on the Missouri, a short distance above the Judith. It consists of two 
log buildings facing each other; their ends joined by a stockade, with a small flanking arrange- 
ment at the alternate angles. A few Indians were seen about; their tepees standing near the fort. 

From the ruins of old Camp Cooke, in the west angle between the Judith and Missouri, the 
plan of the post can be distinctly traced; some of the adobe walls still withstanding the effects of 
the weather. 

The 15th and 16th were consumed in a vigorous search for fossils by nearly all the party. 
Observations were made by Mr. Wood. 

On the night of the 16th, a courier arrived from Carroll, with orders from you for the return of 
the party. Preparations were made accordingly. As it is highly probable that a more lengthened 
search in this vicinity than our time had allowed would be richly rewarded, and, in order to atford 
every facility for the improvement of the time that could be gained, a mackinaw was procured, by 
which Mr. Grinnell, at whose disposal it was placed, with Messrs. Ludlow and Reynolds, was enabled 
to remain somewhat longer upon the ground, and then make Carroll by way of the Missouri as 
soon as the overland party. 

The return trip began on the 17th. My old trail was necessarily taken for part of the way 
back; but, as soon as opportunity offered, a course to the east of it was taken ; but little was gained 
by this, however, for from the nature of the ground I was compelled to pass near the old camp on 
Armell’s Creek. 

But little game was seen on the Judith. The Indians, as well as white men in that vicinity, 
kill for hides alone for purposes of trade. The consequence is very apparent. But three or four 
herds of buffalo and a few antelope were seen there; antelope becoming more plentiful as we left the 
river behind us. 

Carroll was reached the afternoon of the 20th; the party by boat making the landing soon 
after. * 

This trip demonstrated the practicability of a wagon-road through the Judith Basin to the 
Missouri; though for general use a considerable amount of work would first needs be done. 

The trail was carefully kept; the principal topographical features being sketched in. The data 
for the plotting of the course and the astronomical notes are already in your hands. 

Every facility was afforded Mr. Grinnell in his collection of fossils. It is to be regretted that 
longer time could not have been taken in this work. 

After the departure of the main party from Carroll for the East, it devolved upon me to con- 
duct the transportation back to Ellis. 

The party under my charge consisted of but two sergeants and ten privates of the Second 


TO YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK. Hi 


Cavalry, and it was my intention to follow the road previously passed over by the party; but on 
my arrival at the forks of the Musselshell River, f feand a company of the Second Cavalry, com- 
manded by Lieut. L. H. Jerome, under orders to scout the country east of the Crazy Mountains as 
far as the Yellowstone, and thence to return to Fort Ellis by way of that river. 

Through the courtesy of Lieutenant Jerome, I was enabled to avail myself of the opportunity 
(which the small force at my disposal rendered it imprudent to attempt) to strike the Yellowstone 
at Big Timber Creek, a point within about seventy miles of that to which General Forsyth had 
ascended with his expedition in the spring. 

Camp at the forks of the Musselshell was struck on the 28th of September, crossed to the 
south side of the Musselshell a mile below the forks, followed the general course of this stream for 
about four miles to the Little Elk—a well-wooded stream, crossed from this creek to the Big Elk 
(seven miles) in a course a little east of south, passed this stream, and three-quarters of a mile 
farther on a branch of the same. About eight miles more of travel brought us to the Porcupine 
(or American Fork). Here camped. 

Throughout this day’s mareh, an exceedingly large number of antelope were observed, and at 
our camp on the Porcupine the woods and underbrush were alive with deer, showing in a very 
marked manner the absence of the skin-hunter. 

September 29.—Traveled seven miles toSummit Creek; four miles farther on crossed the Sweet 
Grass, a tributary to the Yellowstone. It is fed by springs and melted snow from Crazy Mountain, 
and flows a volume of water nearly equaling that of the Musselshell. 

Beyond this, several small streams were passed: Beaver Creek, standing in pools at this season, 
two miles; a branch of same, half a mile; three miles farther on, Williamson’s Creek, and a mile 
from this, Burnt Creek, all emptying into the Sweet Grass. 

The first crossing of Big Timber Creek was at three miles; we recrossed half a mile beyond, 
and camped on left bank. This stream is about 20 feet wide, clear and cold. The valley is very 
heavily timbered. 

On the department maps, several small streams are noted as running into Big Timber from 
the north. There are no streams of any moment after passing Burnt Creek going south on this 
trail. 

October 1.—Traveled down left bank of Big Timber for about five miles; crossed within half a 
mile of its mouth. Here observed indications of Indians, probably Crows. 

Two large tripods, 20 feet or more in height, had been erected, and from the legs of these were 
suspended hundreds of moccasins, some of them beautifully beaded. It was remarkable that none 
of these moccasins were more than 5 inches in length; the most of them averaging about 3 inches; 
probably some offering, or medicine. Traveled up Yellowstone on its left bank. Little Timber 
about four miles and a half from Big Timber, about a third of the size of the latter; well wooded. 
The country between these two streams is very poor, almost no grazing; sage-brush being the main 
production. Half a mile farther on crossed a branch of Little Timber; the two unite about three 
hundred yards from the Yellowstone. Three miles beyond, Cherry Creek. In succession, we 
passed Duck Creek three miles on, Hot Spring Creek three miles beyond, and Cold Spring Creek a 
mile beyond that. Went into camp on the Yellowstone near the latter. 

October 2.—General course still along Yellowstone. Crossed Yellowstone ten miles from camp 
at a point nearly opposite old Crow agency. The ford was very circuitous, ranging. back and 
forth along the bars io avoid deep water. At this season, the greatest depth on this ford brings the 
water nearly to the wagon-body. 

The old Crow agency, recently abandoned, is at the foot of the Yellowstone Mountains, oppo- 
site to, and about four miles from, the mouth of Shield’s River. It consists of a collection of rude 
buildings, principally adobe. Recrossed the Yellowstone about five miles above the agency. There 
are two fords equally good, one above and one below ‘“ Benson’s Ferry.” Formerly, the passage of 
the stream at high water was made by a ferry-boat conducted by means of a cable stretched across 
the river. At the time of my crossing, the ferry was not in existence. Its place is marked by two 
stones on the left bank. Camped two miles below, just opposite one of the highest points of the 
Yellowstone Mountains, called Medicine Peak. 

October 3.—After leaving camp, crossed Fleshman’s Creek about eight miles from Shield’s River. 

8 Ww 


58 RECONNAISSANCE FROM CARROLL, MONTANA. 


Half a mile beyond is a small stream, which I followed up for about twelve miles, then pulled over 
a high divide; at this point the only difficult road was encountered. Across the divide, the head of 
the Middle Fork of the Gallatin River was struck, and a general course with that of the stream was 
' followed to Fort Ellis. 

In the progress up the Yellowstone River, a very noticeable feature presented itself; the 
change of the character of the country adjacent to it. Throughout its whole length on the lower 
streain, the elevations on either side never attain to more than the dignity of “‘buttes.” But from the 
moment of passing Crazy Mountain, the scenery of the river becomes more in keeping with the 
grandeur to which it attains above. 


Very respectfully, your obedient servant, 
R. E. THompson, 


Second Lieutenant Sixth Infantry. 
Capt. WILLIAM LUDLOW, 
Corps of Engineers, Saint Paul, Minn. 


RECONNAISSANCE FROM CARROLL, MONTANA, TO YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK. 


Z0OR OGIO Ale RECORD. 


BY 


GEO. BIRD GRINNELL. 


LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL. 


YALE COLLEGE, NEw HAVEN, Conn., 
June 1, 1876. 

Sim: I beg leave to hand you herewith, as a partial report on the zoology of the region trav- 
ersed by your expedition last summer, a list of the mammals and birds observed on the trip. In 
making out this list, I have taken care to give only such species as I actually saw and identified 
either in life or by their remains. I have added a list of such species as have been noticed in the 
immediate vicinity of the Yellowstone Park, combining the observations made by Mr. Merriam, of 
Hayden’s survey, 1872, with my own during the past summer. 

! It may not be out of place here, to call your attention to the terrible destruction of large game, 
for the hides alone, which is constantly going on in those portions of Montana and Wyoming through 
which we passed. Buffalo, elk, mule-deer, and antelope are being slaughtered by thousands each 
year, without regard to age or sex, and at all seasons. Of the vast majority of the animals killed, 
the hide only is taken. Females of all these species are as eagerly pursued in the spring, when 
just about to bring forth their young, as at any other time. ! 

It is estimated that during the winter of 1874~’75 not less than 3,000 elk were killed for 
their hides alone in the valley of the Yellowstone, between the mouth of Trail Creek and the Hot 
Springs. If this be true, what must have been the number for both the Territories? } Buffalo and 
mule-deer suffer even more severely than the elk, and antelope nearly as much. The Territories 
referred to have game laws, but, of course, they are imperfect, and cannot, in the present condition 
of the country, be enforced. Much, however, might be done to prevent the reckless destruction of the 
animals to which I have referred, by the officers stationed on the frontier, and a little exertion in 
this direction would be well repaid by the increase of large game in the vicinity of the posts 
where it was not unnecessarily and wantonly destroyed. / At one or two points, notably Camp 
Baker, efforts have been made to drive off the skin hunters, and with such success that the officers 
have very fine hunting within easy reach. / The general feeling of the better class of frontiersmen, 
guides, hunters, and settlers, is strongly against those who are engaged in this work of butchery, 
and all, I think, would be glad to have this wholesale and short-sighted slaughter put a stop to. 
But it is needless to enlarge upon this abuse. The facts concerning it are well known to most 
Army officers and to all inhabitants of the Territory. It is certain that, unless in some way the 
destruction of these animals can be checked, the large game still so abundant in some localities 
will ere long be exterminated. / 


I am, sir, very respectfully, your obedient servant, 
Gero. BIRD GRINNELL. 
Col. Wu. LuDLow, 


Chief Engineer Department Dakota, St. Paul, Minnesota. 


ZOOLOGICAL REPORT. 


By Gro. Brrp GRINNELL. 


LIST OF MAMMALS AND BIRDS. 


CHAPTER I. 
MAMMALS. 
FELIDZ. 


1. FELIS CONCOLOR, Linn. 
Mountain Lion; CouGaAR. 


Although not a common species, a few of these animals are killed in the mountains every 
winter. 

The skins of the Cougar were formerly imported in large quantities from the east and from 
California for purposes of trade with the Indians. <A few years since, a good skin was sometimes 
sold for seven or eight buffalo-robes; but at present they have little or no commercial value. A 
single individual of this species was seen by our party on the Yellowstone River, near the mouth 
of Alum Creek. 


2. LYNX RUFUS, Raf. 
Bay Lynx; WILDCAT. 
Very abundant in the mountains. 
3. LYNX CANADENSIS, Raf. 
CANADA Lynx; CATAMOUNT. 


Not a common species, though taken occasionally. I saw a few skins at Fort Peck, and was 
told that it was sometimes killed in the Yellowstone Park. 


CANIDA. 


4, CANIS OCCIDENTALIS, Rich. 
Gray WoLF; TIMBER WOLF. 


Although the Gray Wolf is always killed whenever the opportunity offers, it still exists in con- 
siderable numbers wherever the Buffalo are abundant. On the return march, just before entering 


64 RECONNAISSANCE FROM CARROLL, MONTANA, 


the Judith Gap, I saw one pack of twelve, another of nine, and, besides these, many individuals 
singly or by twos and threes. Buffalo were very numerous here, and, although not much hunted, 
enough were killed to furnish abundant food for the wolves. This species was also abundant near 
the Judith River, and during the hours of darkness their howlings were heard almost constantly. 

Wolfing, as it is called, is an established industry in Montana; and, being pursued only in 
winter, it gives employment and support to a large number of teamsters, steamboat-hands, and 
others who are necessarily idle at this season. The method is sufficiently simple. The wolfer, 
starting out, kills a deer, a buffalo, or some other large animal, and, thoroughly poisoning it with 
strychnine, leaves it for a day or two. When he returns to it, he finds from one to a dozen wolves 
coyotes, and foxes lying dead about the carcass. As wolf-skins, large and small, a. €., gray wolves 
and coyotes, bring $2.50 apiece at the trader’s store, it is not unusual for two men to make $1,000 
or $1,500 at this work in a winter. 

Almost all the dogs seen among the Assinaboines, Crows, and Gros Ventres of the Prairie, 
appeared to have more or less wolf-blood in their veins, and many of them would have been taken 
for true wolves had they been seen away from the Indian camps. 


5. CANIS LATRANS, Say. 
PRAIRIE WOLF; COYOTE. 


This species is abundant between Carroll and Fort Ellis; being, [ think, much more common 
on the prairie than in the mountains. 1 have always found it most numerous in a plain country, 
where there are deep washed ravines, to which the animals may retire during the day, and in holes 
in the sides of which the young are brought forth. When searching for fossils in such places dur- 
ing the past summer, I have often come upon an old female lying at the mouth of a hole in the 
bank, and surrounded by her litter, of from four to eight half-grown pups, At my appearance, the 
family would spring to their feet, stare at me for a few seconds, and then two or three would dart 
into the hole, as many wildly scramble up the bank, and the rest would start off up the ravine at 
a good round pace, looking back over their shoulders every few steps, as if there were a constant 
strugele between their fears and their curiosity. 

A puppy, perhaps three months old, was captured while we were in camp on Crooked Creek 
He had taken refuge in a hole in the bluffs, and was dug out and brought to camp. Although so 
young, he was utterly wild and vicious; snapping at any one that ventured to touch him, and refus- 
ing to eat. His unceasing efforts to escape were at length successful, and one morning we found 
that during the night he had gnawed off his fastenings and departed. 


6. VULPES ALOPEX MACRURUS, Baird. 
PRAIRIE Fox. 


This is an abundant species throughout the country traversed by our party. It is often found 
dead near the carcasses poisoned for wolves. 


7. VULPES VELOX, Aud & Bach. 


Swirt; Kir Fox. 


This pretty little fox is common on the prairies of Dakota and Montana, and, as it is a species 
that has but few enemies, it is often quite tame. I have sometimes come upon one of these animals 
as it lay sleeping in the sun at the mouth of its burrow, and have been amused to see it, after a 
brief examination of me, stretch, yawn, and then with its tail held straight up in the air, and an 
appearance of the utmost uaconcern, trot slowly into the hole. This has generally two openings ; 
and sometimes, while you are examining one entrance, the Swift may be seen inspecting you from 
the other, 


TO YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK. 65 


MUSTELIDZ. 
8. MUSTELA AMERICANA, Turton. 
MARTEN. 


The Marten is said to be quite abundant in the mountains of the Yellowstone Park, and it 
doubtless is found some distance down the Missouri River. I saw skins at Fort Peck which I was 
told had been taken in the immediate neighborhood. 


9. PUTORIUS VISON, Rich. 
MINK. 


This species was quite abundant all through the mountains. Some very fine dark specimens 
were seen along Bridger Creek near Fort Ellis. 


10. GULO LUSCUS, Sabine. 
WOLVERENE ; SKUNK-BEAR. 


No living individuals of this species were seen by any of the party; but we noticed their tracks 
quite often while in the park, and saw many skinsin Bozeman. Hunters there informed me that they 
were seldom killed, except in the severest weather of the winter. In this region, they were spoken 
of as the “ Skunk-bear”; farther south they are called “‘Carcajou”. The young, when first born, 
are said to be snow-white in color. Although this species is seldom found far from the mountains, 
an indivdual was killed during the winter of 1872~73 near Fort Stevenson on the Missouri River. 
It had probably wandered out on to the prairie from the high Bad Lands of the Little Missouri. 


11. LUTRA CANADENSIS, Sab. 
OTTER. 


Although nowhere a very abundant species, the Otter occurs perhaps as frequently on the 
Missouri River as on the purer mountain-streams. The furs taken on this river, however, are by 
no means so valuable as those which come from the mountains; being much lighter in color and 
less glossy. This difference is regarded by trappers and dealers in furs to be due to the muddy 
character of the Missouri water. Whether this be the case, or whether it is merely an exemplifica- 
tion of the law which obtains with regard to the birds and mammals of the plains as contrasted with 
those of the mountains, I am unable at present to determine. It seems quite possible, however, that 
the former explanation is the true one, since animals like the Otter and Beaver, to which latter 
the above remarks also apply, from the conditions of their lives are but slightly exposed to the modify- 
ing influences which act on animals living on the uplands and more or less diurnal in their habits. 

The fur of the Otter is highly prized by the Indians; being used by them to tie up the hair, to 
ornament their “ coup-sticks ”, tocover bow-cases and quivers, and for a variety of other purposes. 


12. MEPHITIS MEPHITICA, Baird. 
SKUNK. 


This species is exceedingly abundant throughout Eastern Montana. While ascending the 
Missouri River, we often saw them on the low benches of alluvium left bare by the rapid falling of 
the waters. Having slipped or climbed down the almost vertical banks to get to the water, they 
seemed unable to retrace their steps, and could only escape from their prison by swimming. 

At Camp Lewis, these animals were so numerous as to have become a terrible nuisance. Mr. 
Reed, the post-trader, told me one morning that during the previous night he had been obliged to 
rise four times to kill Skunks. 

9w 


66 RECONNAISSANCE FROM CARROLL, MONTANA, 


3. TAXIDEA AMERICANA, Baird. 
BADGER. 


The Badger was quite common all through the prairie country over which we passed, but was 
most often seen in the vicinity of the prairie-dog towns. It is a slow animal, and may easily be 
overtaken by a man on foot. If unable to reach its hole in time to escape, it will turn and rush 
toward its pursuer in the most courageous manner; snapping and snarling in such a way as to 
inspire one with a wholesome respect for it. 


URSIDA. 
14. PROCYON LOTOR, Storr. 
RACCOON. 
This species occurs occasionally along the Missouri River. 
15. URSUS HORRIBILIS, Ord. 


GRIZZLY BEAR. 


The Grizzly is rather common in some localities along the Missouri; and from the upper deck of 
the steamer I saw three one evening digging roots in a wide level bottom. In the Bridger Mount- 
ains and in the Yellowstone Park, they were numerous, so much so that we would often see sev- 
eral sets of fresh tracks in a morning’s ride. From their abundance in the vicinity of Fort Ellis and 
Bozeman, it was evident that they were not much disturbed by hunters. 

In Bozeman, I was shown two cubs about six months old; and two more sullen and vicious 
little brutes [never saw. A Black Bear cub of about the same age was as friendly and playful 
as a puppy; but no one dared to venture within reach of the Grizzlies. 

But little seems to be known about the breeding-habits of this bear. It is pretty well estab- 
lished, however, that the young are brought forth about the 15th of January, and that they are 
then very small, scarcely larger than new-born puppies. 


16. URSUS AMERICANUS, Pallas. 


BLACK BEAR. 


Not nearly so common as the preceding species. Only one living specimen was seen. Ata 
ranch near the bridge over the Yellowstone River, however, I was shown a single skin of the so 
called Cinnamon Bear, which, I was told, had been taken in the Park. 


- SCIURID. 
17. SCLURUS HUDSONIUS, Pallas. 


RED SQUIRREL; PINE SQUIRREL. 


Red Squirrels were abundant wherever pine timber was found. In the mountains, they seem 
to feed chiefly on the seeds of the pine; and I frequently came upon little heaps of cones gathered 
together by the squirrels just as they collect nuts in the Hast. Most specimens taken in the Yel- 
lowstone Park seem to be referable to var. Richardsonti, but several killed in the Fire Hole Valley 
are not to be distinguished from ordinary Connecticut specimens. 


18. TAMIAS QUADRIVITTATUS, Rich. 


MISSOURI GROUND SQUIRREL. 


This pretty little squirrel seems equally at home among the most desolate Bad Lands, where 
no yegetation is to be found saye a few straggling sage-bushes, and amid the dense pine forests 


TO YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK. 67 


and luxuriant undergrowth of the mountains. They are very gentle and unsuspicious, and would 
play about in the most unconcerned manner while I was standing within a few feet of them. 
Although by no means tree-climbers, in the strict acceptation of the term, I often saw them, 
while at play or when frightened, ascend the pines to a height of 20 or 30 feet. It would seem 
that they are not exclusively vegetarian in their diet; for I interrupted one of them while making 
a meal of the dried carcass of a Hesperomys. It sat up, holding the food in its fore feet in the 
ordinary manner, and gnawing the meat from the back and shoulders. No doubt, in some localities 
it feeds, partially at least, on grasshoppers, as many of the small rodents of the West are known 


to do. 
19. SPERMOPHILUS TRIDECIM-LINEATUS, Mitchell. 


STRIPED PRAIRIE SQUIRREL. 


This species was common everywhere on the prairies. When anything unusual attracts its 
attention, it raises itself up on its haunckes to examine the object of its curiosity. As this approaches, 
the squirrel gradually lowers itself until at last it is quite flattened out upon the ground. In this posi- 
tion, if the eye is removed from it for a moment, it is very difficult to find it again, as its colors 
harmonize admirably with the yellowish gray of the soil. 


20. SPERMOPHILUS RICHARDSONII, Cuv. 


RICHARDSON’S GROUND SQURREL. 


This species was not seen until after we had passed Camp Lewis in Montana. Along the 
North Fork of the Musselshell River it was abundant in the valley, and it was observed in con- 
siderable numbers about Camp Baker and Fort Ellis. 

Ta their habits, they resemble the Prairie-dog (Cynomys) more nearly than any other species 
with which I am acquainted. They live in communities, act as do the Prairie-dogs when approached, 
and are equally hard to secure when shot near the entrance of their burrows. A young one, killed 
with a charge of fine shot at short range, moved himself over two feet along the smooth sur- 
face of a flat rock, on which he had been lying when shot, by convulsive pushes of his hind feet. 
After I had taken him in my hand, these kickings continued for half a minute or more, although 
the animal could not have been conscious after the shot struck him. 

I several times saw the young of this species playing with one another very prettily. One 
standing over the other would hold him down and pretend to bite his head and neck, just as we 
often see young puppies play together. 

At Camp Baker, there were many of these animals in and about our camp, and they soon 
became very tame. Often'they would come to the open tent-door, and, sitting on their haunches, 
would watch the occupants with an appearance of the greatest curiosity. We often tried to catch 
them alive, but were never successful. They would always manage to slip into some hole that we 
did not know of, just as our hands were on them. Between Fort Ellis and Bozeman there is quite 
a large settlement of these animals, and they were more tame here than at any other locality where 


we met with them. 
21. CYNOMYS LUDOVICIANUS, Baird. 


PRAIRIE-DOG. 
Quite abundant on the plains near the foot of the mountains. 
22. ARCTOMYS FLAVIVENTER, Bach. 
WESTERN WOOD-CHUCK. 
Common in the mountains, but rather a shy species, more often heard than seen. 
23. CASTOR CANADENSIS, Kuhl. 


BEAVER. 


While ascending the Missouri, we saw the houses and “slides” of the Beaver very frequently, 
and often, just at evening, the animals themselves were observed, sitting on the banks gazing at 


68 RECONNAISSANCE FROM CARROLL, MONTANA, 


the steamer, or feeding on the tender shoots of the cottonwood and willow. They were by no 
means shy, and would sometimes permit the vessel to pass within a few yards of them without 
taking to the water. 

The streams in the mountains through which we passed were sometimes dammed by the 
Beavers for miles, and the backwater spreading out over the level valleys makes wide ponds. 
These in the course of time are partially filled up with the mud carried down by the stream, and 
when this takes place are deserted by the Beavers, which move away and build another dam some- 
where else. As the pond fills, a rank growth of rushes and underbrush springs up, and before long, 
what was a pretty little lake has become an impassable morass. 

The value of the fur of the Missouri River Beaver is diminished by the same causes spoken of 


in reference to that of the Otter. 
SACCOMYID 4. 
24. THOMOMYS TALPOIDES, (Rich.) Baird. 


GOPHER. * 


An individual of this species was taken among the high mountains near the head of Gardiner’s 
River. It was running over the snow-drifts when captured. 


MURIDZ. 
25. ZAPUS HUDSONIUS, Cowes. 


JUMPING MOUSE. 
This species was observed several times in the Bridger Mountains, and again on Cascade 
Creek near the Yellowstone River. . 


26. MUS DECUMANUS, Pallas. 


BRowWN RaAt. 


The common Wharf-rat is sufficiently abundant in all the settlements on the Missouri River to 
be a great nuisance and to do considerable damage. In the trader’s store at Fort Peck, they were 
very numerous, so much so that the trader told me that he had recently poisoned one hundred and 


fifty in one week. 
27. MUS MUSCULUS, Linn. 


Hovust MOoOvsgE. 


Abundant in towns and large settlements, but in isolated ranches replaced by the following 


species. : 
28. HESPEROMYS LEUCOPUS SONORIENSIS, LeConte. 


WESTERN WHITE-FOOTED MOUSE. 


This species was very abundant along the North Fork of the Musselshell River and along the 
Yellowstone. In many places, they had deserted the woods and fields and taken to the ranches, 
where they are quite as annoying as the common House Mouse. 


29, ARVICOLA RIPARIA, Ord. 


MEADOW MOUSE. 
Very common along the Yellowstone River. 


30. FIBER ZIBETHICUS, (L.) Cuv. 


MUSKRAT. 


Abundant on streams flowing into the Missouri. 


TO YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK. 69 


HYSTRICIDZ. 
31. ERITHIZON EPIXANTHUS, Brandt. 


YELLOW-HAIRED PORCUPINE. 


Quite common along the Missouri and in the “bottoms” of streams flowing into that river. 
We saw signs of its presence also in the National Park along the Yellowstone River. 


LEPORID. 
32, LEPUS CAMPESTRIS, Bachman. 


PRAIRIE HARE. 


This species is very abundant in some localities, while in others, quite as favorable for it, it is not 
found at all. In fact, the abundance or scarcity of the Prairie Hare in any district depends almost 
altogether on the number of wolves to be found in the same tract of country. Where all the 
coyotes and gray wolves have been killed or driven off, the hares exist in great numbers; but 
where the former are abundant, the latter are seldom seen. We saw none near the Missouri River, 
where the buffaloes, and consequently the wolves, were numerous; but at Camp Baker, where there 
were scarcely any wolves, the hares were very common. 


33. LEPUS ARTEMISIA, Bachman. 


SAGE RABBIT. 


Very abundant west of the Missouri in suitable localities, but its numbers controlled by the 
same causes spoken of in regard to the preceding species. 


CERVID. 
34, ALCE AMERICANA, Jardine. 


MOOSE. 


This species is quite abundant in suitable localities in the Yellowstone Park, although, like all 
the large game, it has been driven away from the neighborhood of the trail by the constant pas- 
sage of travelers. We saw signs of its presence in the Bridger Mountains, and were told that there 
was a famous country for Moose about fifteen miles from the mouth of Trail Creek. 

The only living specimen that we saw was a young calf that had been captured by the son of 
a settler when it was but a few days old. When seen by us, it was probably about three months 
old, and was a most grotesque object. It was very tame, and would come at the call of its owner. 


35. CERVUS CANADENSIS, Eraleben. 


ELK. 


Elk were rather abundant all through the country which we traversed. They were seen in con- 
siderable numbers along the Missouri River, among the Bridger Mountains, and in the Yellowstone 
Park. Those killed early in September, at the commencement of the rutting-season, were fat and 
well flavored, furnishing us with delicious meat. 

The Elk rut in September, and the young are brought forth late in May or early in June. 

The “whistling” of the Elk is heard only for a few days during the early part of September. 
It is made up of several parts, and is so peculiar a ery that it can hardly be described, much less 
imitated. The first part consists of a prolonged, shrill whistle, which seems to come to the hearer 
from a long distance, even though the animal uttering it be quite near at hand. This is followed 
by a succession of short grunting brays or barks, three or four in number, and the call is completed 
by a low, smooth bellow. Sometimes the whistle is sounded without the succeeding parts. 
Withal, the cry is an odd one, and one that once heard will always afterward be recognized. 


70 RECONNAISSANCE FROM CARROLL, MONTANA, 


36. CERVUS VIRGINIANUS, Boddaert. 
RED DEER; WHITE-TAILED DEER. 


This species was by no means abundant in the country through which we passed. We saw a 
few along the Missouri, and I noticed one in the Judith Mountains; but on the whole they were 


seldom seen. 
37. CERVUS MACROTIS, Say. 


MULE DEER; BLACK-TAILED DEER. 


The Black-tailed Deer, as it is usually called in the Missouri River country, is an abundant spe- 
cies in Eastern Montana. It is quite unsuspicious, and, except where it has been much hunted, will 
often permit the hunter to fire two or three shots at it before it takes to flight. This species, and 
the same may be said of all large game in that section of the country, is at present most recklessly 
slaughtered for the hides alone. It will soon, unless some means are taken for its protection, be 
unknown in the regions where it is now so plentiful. 


ANTELOPID. 


38. ANTILOCAPRA AMERICANA, Ord. 
PRONG-HORNED ANTELOPE. 


Everywhere abundant on the plains, the antelope forms one of the most pleasing and attractive 
features of those barren wastes. Although where they have: been much hunted they are difficult 
to approach, they are very unsuspicious and curious where they have been accustomed to seeing 
and mixing with large animals. About Camp Baker and between that post and Fort Ellis, there 
are large droves of cattle which roam at will over the prairie. The antelope become used to the 
presence of these large animals, and are often seen mingling with the herds when feeding or resting, 

One day while out from Camp Baker in search of Tertiary fossils, my companion and myself 
stopped on the borders of a little stream to rest and cook some food. The saddle-horses and pack 
mule were picketed near at hand; a fire had been kindled, and we were discussing some broiled 
venison, when two antelope suddenly appeared over the brow of a bluff about seventy-five yards 
distant. On seeing us, they scarcely hesitated, but trotted gracefully on toward us and would, I 
have no doubt, have come quite up to us, if it had not been that my companion shot them both 
when they were still about forty yards distant. When in the buffalo country, antelope, if the wind 
was right, would often approach very near me, several times coming to within a few yards of where 
I was standing. 

It is well known that the female antelope sometimes has horns and is sometimes without them: 
Observations extended over several years, together with the testimony of several plainsmen, among 
them Charles Reynolds, a hunter of seventeen years’ experience and a man of close observation, 
lead me to conclude that the horned does are always barren. I have myself examined a great num- 
ber of doe antelopes with and without horns, and have never seen one of the former class that gave 
evidence of having produced or being about to have young. Nor have I everseen a hornless doe 
that was barren. The horns on the does vary from one to three inches in length, have no prong, 
and are soft and easily bent. Their length no doubt depends in a measure upon the age of the 
animal. Those that I have seen lack the hard bony core which is found in the horns of the perfect 
males. 

The barren does are always fat, and on this account are, when it is possible, selected by the 
hunter in preference to the other members of the herd. 


OVIDE. 


39. OVIS MONTANA, Cuwv. 
BIGHORN ; MOUNTAIN SHEEP. 


The Bighorn occurs in considerable numbers in the Judith Mountains and in the Yellowstone 
Park, away from the trail; but they are so wary that they are not often seen. Asis well known, they 


TO YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK. hi 


affect the most rugged and barren country, and they are perhaps more plentiful in the Bad Lands 
of the Judith and Missouri Rivers than anywhere else. 

On the Cone Butte and Sweet Grass Mountains, which are covered for half their height with a 
talus of platter-like blocks of trachyte, the sheep in their passage up and down the sides of the hills 
have worn regular paths among and over the loose blocks, and it is only by following these paths 
that the ascent can be made on the east and south. 


BOVIDE. 
40. BOS AMERICANUS, Gmelin. 
BUFFALO; BISON. 


No Buffalo were seen while we were ascending the Missouri River until just before we reached 
Carroll. From that place westward, they were occasionally observed until we reached the Judith 
Gap, although, owing to the presence inthe region through which we were passing of the Sioux and 
Crows, they were not abundant. On our return march, we saw great numbers of them before 
reaching the Gap, but none afterward until we were quite near the Missouri. 

The statement that the herds of bulls that are everywhere met with during the autumn consist 
of individuals driven away from the main herd by their stronger rivals may, I think, be doubted 
It is said that these assemblages are not seen in spring before the rutting-season. It seems more 
probable that during the late summer and autumn, many of the old and strong bulls exhausted by the 
fatigues of the rutting-season, thin in flesh, and generally run down, are unable to keep up with the 
active and constantly-moving herd of cows and young animals, and devote all their energies to 
recruiting for the winter. Early in the spring, they rejoin the herd, and remain with it until the end 
of July. 

During the past autumn the Buffalo have proceeded down the Missouri River much farther 
than is usual. They have been quite numerous a few miles north of Fort Berthold, Dakota, and a 
few stragglers have been seen near Painted Woods, about twenty-five miles above Bismarck. 

The so-called “ Mountain Buffalo” was abundant in the Yellowstone Park. 


CHAP TE Tit: 


BIRDS. 


TURDIDZ. 
ite TURDUS MIGRATORIUS, Linn. 
ROBIN. 


This species was abundant’along the Missouri River, and was also seen in considerable numbers 
in the mountains about Camp Baker and in the Yellowstone Park. 


2. TURDUS SWAINSONI, Cab. 
OLIVE-BACKED THRUSH. 
Quite common along the Missouri above Bismarck. 
3. OREOSCOPTES MONTANUS, (Towns.) Bd. 


MouNTAIN MOCKINGBIRD. 


I first saw this species on Little Crooked Creek, thirteen miles west of Carroll. It was abundant, 
and doubtless had bred there, as I took some very young birds. It was generally started from the 
ground, whence it would fly to the top of some little sage-bush, where it would sit jerking its tail 
and constantly uttering low cries of anxiety. They were quite shy, and I was often obliged to 
follow them for some distance before I could secure them. 

This species was abundant in the valley of the Yellowstone River. 


4, MIMUS CAROLINENSIS, (Linn.) Gray. 


CATBIRD. 


Quite common along the Missouri River, and very abundant in the Yellowstone Park and in 
the mountains generally. : 


5. HARPORHYNCHUS RUFUS, (Linn.) Cab. 
Brown THRUSH; THRASHER. 
This species was seen occasionally in the Missouri River bottom. 
CINCLID 2. 
_ 6. CINCLUS MEXICANUS, Sve. 


WATER-OUZEL; DIPPER. 


On Cascade Creek, near the Upper Falls of the Yellowstone, we first met with this interesting 
species. Although tolerably familiar with the accounts of its habits given by various authors, 1 


TO YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK. 73 


must confess to having experienced a ludicrous feeling of astonishment the first time I saw the 
bird walk unconcernedly down a sloping rock until its head disappeared under the water. It 
repeated this performance several times, occasionally rising to the surface as if forced up by the 
water, and then immediately diving again. When carried down a few yards by the force of the 
current, it would fly a short distance up the stream and dive from the wing. 

With the help of a good glass I saw from the top of the caiion two of these little birds flying 
about over the river where it boiled and surged along below the Lower Falls. 


SAXICOLID. 
7. SIALIA ARCTICA, Sve. 
ARCTIC BLUEBIRD; WESTERN BLUEBIRD. 


One of the most abundant birds in the wooded region through which we passed. It was espe- 
cially numerous in the Yellowstone Park late in August and early in September, when it formed a 
large division of the army of small birds that were being constantly started from the ground. 


PARIDA. 
8. PARUS ATRICAPILLUS SEPTENTRIONALIS, (Harris) Allen. 
LONG-TAILED CHICKADEE. 
Common along the Missouri River and in the mountains. 
9. PARUS MONTANUS, Gamb. 
MOUNTAIN CHICKADEE. 


A few birds of this species were seen searchiug for food among the pines that grow among 
the Bad Lands near the mouth of the Judith River. In habits, they seemed to resemble closely 
the preceding species; but the note was slightly different, being more slowly uttered, almost drawled 
in fact. 


SITTIDZ. 
10. SITTA CAROLINENSIS ACULEATA, (Cass.) Allen. 
SLENDER-BILLED NUTHATCH. 


Common in the Yellowstone Park and in the mountains toward the Missouri River. 


TROGLODYTIDZ. 


11. SALPINCTES OBSOLETUS, (Say) Cab. 
Rock WREN. 


Very abundant in the Bad Lands along the Missouri and among the sandstone bluffs near the 
Judith Mountains. These birds were also common in the Little Belt Mountains near White-tailed 
Deer Creek, darting about among old stumps and wood-piles, just as they do among the bluffs of 
the Bad Lands. A nest found near Haymaker’s Creek was nothing more than a short burrow 
under a flat rock. The little chamber at the end contained three nearly full-grown young. 


12. TROGLODYTES AHiDON PARKMANNI, (Aud.) Coues. 
WESTERN HOUSE WREN. 


Abundant on the Missouri near Bismarck. 
10 Ww 


74. RECONNAISSANCE FROM CARROLL, MONTANA, 


13. CISTOTHORUS PALUSTRIS, ( Wils.) Baird. 


LONG-BILLED MARSH WREN. 


This species was seen but once, on a reedy slough near the bridge over the Yellowstone River. 


ALAUDID. 


14. EREMOPHILA ALPESTRIS LEUCOLAIMA, (Forst.) Coues. 
Hornep LARK; SHorE LARK. 


Abundant everywhere on the plains. 


MOTACILLID. 
15. ANTHUS LUDOVICIANUS, (@m.) Licht. 


TITLARK. 


A single individual of this species was seen among the snows on the highest point of the 
Bridger Mountains. 


16. NEOCORYS SPRAGUE], (Aud.) Sel. 
MISSOURI SKYLARK. 


This little-known bird was not uncommon between Camp Lewis and Camp Baker. It was 
most often seen in the road searching for food, and, when alarmed, running along in the ruts as 
the Shore Larks are often seen to do. It was usually seen in company with these latter, and seems 
somewhat to resemble them in its habits. ; 


SYLVICOLID. 


17. DENDR@CA ASTIVA, (G@m.) Baird. 
YELLOW WARBLER; SUMMER YELLOWBIRD. 


Abundaut and breeding along the Missouri River. 


18. DENDR@CA AUDUBONII, (Tovwns.) Baird. 
AUDUBON’S WARBLER. 


A family of this species, the young of which had but just left the nest, was seen among the 
pines near the Yellowstone Bridge. 


19. (2?) SEIURUS AUROCAPILLUS, (Linn.) Sv. 
GOLDEN-CROWNED THRUSH. 


The characteristic song of this species was often heard along the Missouri; but I was unable to 
secure any specimens, or even to see the birds. 


20. GEOTHLYPIS TRICHAS, (Linn.) Cab. 
MARYLAND YELLOWTHROAT. 


Seen quite often along the Missouri. 


TO YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK. 


-l 


or 


21. GHOTHLYPIS PHILADELPHIA MACGILLIVRAYI, ( Wils.) Allen. 
WESTERN MOURNING WARBLER. 
A female of this species was found dead on the shore of the Yellowstone Lake. 
| 22. ICTERIA VIRENS, (Linn.) Baird. 
YELLOW-BREASTED CHAT. 


Abundant along the Missouri River. Its familiar notes were heard whenever we passed a 
wooded bottom, and its curious antics often seen. 


23. SETOPHAGA RUTICILLA, (Linn.) Sw. 
REDSTART. 


Seen on several oceasions in the Missouri River bottom. 


TANAGRID. 
24, PYRANGA LUDOVICIANA, ( Wils.) Bon. 


LOUISIANA TANAGER. 
Observed quite frequently in the Yellowstone Park. 


HIRUNDINID. 
25. HIRUNDO HORREORUM, Barton. 

BARN SWALLOW. 

Abundant throughout the region which we traversed. 
26. HIRUNDO THALASSINA, Sw. 
VIOLET-GREEN SWALLOW. 
Very numerous about Fort Ellis, and more or less abundant throughout the Yellowstone Park. 
27. PETROCHELIDON LUNIFRONS, (Say) Sel. 


CLIFF SWALLOW. 


Extremely abundant along the Missouri River, breeding on many of the high bluffs between 
which it flows. They were also common in the mountains, and especially so about Camp Baker. 

Early one morning late in July, while traveling along the road near the Judith Mountains, I 
was surprised to see great numbers of these birds feeding on the ground. A little investigation 
showed me that they were picking up insects that had been chilled by the severe frost of the 
previous night, and were as yet unable to fly. 


28. COTYLE RIPARIA, (Linn.) Boie. 
: SAND MARTIN ; BANK SWALLOW. 


Observed in large numbers on the Missouri River; often breeding in the same bluffs to which 
the preceding species had attached their nests. 


29. PROGNE SUBIS, Baird. 


PURPLE MARTIN. 
Abundant in the mountains, where it breeds. 


76 RECONNAISSANCE FROM CARROLL, MONTANA, 


AMPELIDZE. 


30. AMPELIS GARRULUS, Linn. 
BOHEMIAN WAXWING. 


At Camp Baker, I saw the remains of an individual of this species which, I was informed by 
Major Freeman, had been taken there in winter. It is said to be common there at that season. 


31. AMPELIS CEDRORUM, ( Vieill.) Gray. 


CEDAR-BIRD. 
Quite common along the Missouri. 


LANIID 2. 
32. COLLURIO LUDOVICIANUS EXCUBITOROIDES, (Svx.) Coues. 
WHITE-RUMPED SHRIKE. 


Common along wooded ravines on the plains west of the Missouri. 


FRINGILLID2. 
33. CARPODACUS CASSINI, Baird. 
CAsstn’s PURPLE FINCH. 
A single individual of this species was taken at the Mud Volcano in the Yellowstone Park. 
34. LOXIA CURVIROSTRA AMERICANA, ( Wils.) Cowes. 
RED CROSS-BILL. 


This species was found in great numbers near the Falls of the Yellowstone in August. It had 
undoubtedly bred in the immediate vicinity, as I saw old birds feeding young just from the nest. 
Their food seemed to consist entirely of the seeds of the pine. The males uttered almost constantly 
a short monotonous whistle. 


3d. CHRYSOMITRIS PINUS, (Wils.) Bp. 
PINE FINCH. 


Though this species was noticed several times while in the park, it did not seem to be common 
there. The birds were seen among the pines or else feeding on thistle-blows, after the manner of 
C. tristis. 

36. CHRYSOMITRIS TRISTIS, (Linn.) Bp, 


YELLOW-BIRD ; THISTLE-BIRD. 
Abundant along the Missouri and on the plains near the mountains. 
37. PLECTROPHANES ORNATUS, Towns. 
CHESTNUT-COLLARED LONGSPUR. 


Abundant, and one of the most characteristic birds of the high plains. The most eastern 
point at which I saw it was Jamestown, Dak. From that place west, it was more or less com- 
mon until we left the plain country. Late in July, I took, near Box Elder Creek, young birds that 
had but just left the nest, 


TO YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK. if 67 


38. PLECTROPHANES MACCOWNII, Laver. 
MAccown’s LONGSPUR. 


Abundant, breeding on the plains in company with the preceding. IL secured many fuwlly- 
fledged birds of the year late in July. 


39. PASSERCULUS SAVANNA, ( Wils.) Bp. 
SAVANNAH SPARROW. 
(Quite common about Camp Baker. 
40. POOCAETES GRAMINEUS CONFINIS, (@m.) Baird. 
GRASS FincH; BAY-WINGED BUNTING. 
Abundant everywhere on the plains. 
41, COTURNICULUS PASSERINUS PERPALLIDUS, ( Wils.) Ridgway. 
YELLOW-WINGED SPARROW. 
Common on the plains near the Missouri. 
42, MELOSPIZA MELODIA FALLAX, (Wils.) Ridgway. 
WESTERN SONG SPARROW. 


Common in the mountains, especially in low brush along the banks of streams, but so shy as 
to be quite difficult of approach. 


43. JUNCO OREGONUS, (Zovwns.) Sel. 
OREGON SNOWBIRD. 
Very abundant in the mountains of the Yellowstone Park. 
44, SPIZELLA MONTICOLA, (Gm.) Baird. 
TREE SPARROW. 


Three or four individuals of this species were seen in the Bridger Mountains early in Sep- 
tember. 
45, SPIZELLA SOCIALIS ARIZON &, ( Wils.) Cowes. 


WESTERN CHIPPY. 
Abundant in the mountains. 
46, SPIZELLA PALLIDA, (Sw.) Bp. 
CLAY-COLORED SPARROW. 
Abundant on the plains in bushy ravines and along the river-bottoms. 
47. ZONOTRICHIA LEUCOPHRYS, (Forst.) Sw. 
WHITE-CROWNED SPARROW. 


This species was abendant in the Yellowstone Park. It was seen during August and Septem- 
ber in small flocks of ten or twelve individuals, old and young, feeding on the ground in company 
with S. arctica and a host of small sparrows. 


78 RECONNAISSANCE FROM CARROLL, MONTANA, 


48, CHONDESTES GRAMMACA, (Say) Bp. 
LARK FINCH. 
Very abundant on the plains near the Missouri River and westward. 
49, CALAMOSPIZA BICOLOR, ( Towns.) Bp. 
WHITE-WINGED BLACKBIRD. 


Very abundant on the plains, especially in somewhat broken country along ravines and dry 
water-courses, and also in the neighborhood of isolated buttes. I found it breeding near Little 
Crooked Creek. 

50. EUSPIZA AMERICANA, (Gm.) Bp. 
BLACK-THROATED BUNTING. 


A breeding female taken in the Missouri River bottom near Bismarck early in July was the 
only individual of this species seen. 


51. CYANOSPIZA AMINA, (Say) Baird. 
LAZULI FINCH. 
This beautiful species was abundant along the Missouri River bottom. 
52. PIPILO MACULATUS ARCTICA, (Sw.) Coues. 
ARCTIC TOWHEE. 


Abundant, breeding in the Missouri River bottom, and often seen about Camp Baker. 


ICTERIDA. 
53. DOLICHONYX ORIZIVORUS, (Linn.) Si. 


BoB-0-LINK ; RICE-BIRD. 


This species was breeding in large numbers in the wide river-bottom near Bismarck when we 
passed through early in July. I saw none except here during the trip. 


54. MOLOTHRUS PECORIS, (@m.) Sv. 


Cow-BUNTING. 
Abundant everywhere. 


55. AGELAZUS PH@NICEUS, (Linn.) Vicill. 
RED-WINGED BLACKBIRD. 
Noticed on several occasions along the Missouri River. 
56. STURNELLA MAGNA NEGLECTA, (Zinn.) Allen. 
WESTERN MEADOW LARK. 


Abundant all through the oper country. We heard theirsweet songs all through the summer 
and as late as September 15. : ' 


57. SCOLECOPHAGUS CYANOCEPHALUS, (Wagl.) Cab. 
BLUE-HEADED GRAKLE. 


I found. this species very abundant near Carroll, and, in fact, everywhere on the plains. At 
Little Crooked Creek, their nests were found placed on little “ greasewood ” bushes only two or 


TO YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK. 79 


three feet in height. The young were most of them so well grown at this time (July 15) that they 
would Jeave the nest at my approach and fly a few yards to another bush, where they would sit 
uttering the sharp ery that we hear from all young blackbirds at that age. When I approached 
the nests or young, flocks of a dozen or more old birds would fly over me uttering constantly cries 
of anxiety. 

About Camp Baker, they were very numerous; the flocks being so large as fairly to blacken the 
ground where they alighted. The birds were familiar enough and readily ventured up to our 
tent doors, 


CORVID Zi. 
58. CORVUS CORAX, Linn. 


RAVEN. 


Rather common on the plains west of Carroll. 
59. CORVUS AMERICANUS, Aud. 
Crow. 


Extremely abundant on the streams flowing out of the Sweet Grass Hills. They were breed- 
ing here in the tall undergrowth that fringed Box Elder and Armell’s Creek, and on the return 
march were seen in large flocks feeding on the dead buffalo that strewed the prairie. It is hardly 
necessary to remark that they were very tame, in striking contrast to their eastern relatives. 


60. PICICORVUS COLUMBIANUS, ( Wils.) Bp. 


CLARK'S Crow. 


I first noticed this species near Camp Baker, but it did not become very abundant until we 
reached the Yellowstone River on our road to the park. Its striking plumage and loud harsh 
voice makes this bird one of the most noticeable features of the animal life of this region. 


61. PICA MELANOLEUCA HUDSONICA, (Sab.) Coues. 


MAGPIE. 


Abundant everywhere in the mountains, and universally execrated by hunters and trappers on 
account of the injury it does in winter to the fresh skins that are stretched out to dry, and the 
annoyance that it causes to their sore-backed animals. 


62. CYANURUS STELLERI MACROLOPHUOUS, (Baird) Allen. 
LONG-GRESTED JAY. 


Abundant from the Bridger Mountains through the Yellowstone Park. In habits, this species 
resembles most closely C. cristatus ; but its notes are quite different, being harsh and grating, more 
like those of P. columbianus, 


63. PERISOREUS CANADENSIS CAPITALIS, Baird. 
GRAY JAY. 


I found this species extremely abundant all through the mountains of the Yellowstone Park. 
They are noisy restless birds, continually passing to and fro among the branches of the pines with 
easy, graceful movements. They are at all times bold and even impudent, remaining in the trees, 
beneath which we encamped, and frequently descending to the ground within a few feet of some 
one of the party to pick up a piece of meat or a crumb of bread. When a morsel of food has been 
secured, it is taken to a low limb and there leisurely broken up and devoured. 

This species is said to cause considerable annoyance to trappers by remoying the bait from 
their mink and marten traps. 


80 RECONNAISSANCE FROM CARROLL, MONTANA, 


TYRANNIDZ. 
64. TYRANNUS CAROLINENSIS, (Gm.) Temm. 
KINGBIRD. 
Abundant along the Missouri and on the plains to the west. 
65. TYRANNUS VERTICALIS, Say. 
ARKANSAS FLYCATCHER. 
Abundant along the Missouri ard on the plains. 
66. SAYORNIS SAYUS, (Bp.) Baird. 
SAY’s FLYCATCHER. 
I saw but two or three individuals of this species, all of them near Crooked Creek. 
67. CONTOPUS VIRENS RICHARDSONII, (Sw.) Allen. 


WESTERN WooD PEWEE. 


i frequently noticed this species while in the Geyser Basins, but did not observe it at any other 
point on the route. In the Lower Geyser Basin, I saw one of these birds taken by a Sharp-shinned 
Hawk, which was immediately attacked with the utmost fury by another Pewee. The latter kept 
up the chase for a considerable distance ; finally following his enemy into the woods. 


CAPRIMULGID2. 
68. CHORDEILES VIRGINIANUS HENRYI, (Gm.) Coues. 
WESTERN NIGHTHAWK. 


This species was common on the plains. Near Little Crooked Creek, late in July, I took a 
female sitting on two eggs, which were far advanced toward hatching. 


ALCEDINIDA. 
69. ALCEDO ALCYON, (Linn.) Boie. 


KINGFISHER. 


Abundant on all streams which we passed, though apparently less common on the Missouri 
below Carroll than elsewhere. This is probably due to the fact that the river below this point is 
very muddy, and the Kingfishers are hence unable to find and pursue their prey as successfully 
as in the clear streams of the mountains. 


CUCULID:. 
70. COCCYZUS ERYTHROPHTHALMUS, ( Wils.) Bp. 


BLACK-BILLED CUCKOO. 


Common along the Missouri, at least as far as Wolf Point, forty miles below Fort Peck. 
PICIDA. 
71. PICUS VILLOSUS HARRISII, (Linn.) Allen. 


HARRIS’ WOODPECKER. 


Seen onee in the Little Belt Mountains near Camp Baker. 


TO YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK. 81 


72. PICUS PUBESCENS, Linn. 
Downy WOODPECKER. 
Occasionally noticed in the Yellowstone Park near the bridge. 
73. SPHYRAPICUS THYROIDEUS, (Cass.) Baird. 

BLACK-BREASTED WOODPECKER. 

Observed but once, near Tower Creek in the Yellowstone Park. 
74. MELANERPES ERYTHROCEPHALUS, (Linn.) Sw. 
RED-HEADED WOODPECKER. 
Very common wherever there was timber. 
75. MELANERPES TORQUATUS, (Wils.) Bp. 


LEWIS’ WOODPECKER. 


We first saw this species in the mountains near Camp Baker, where it was quite abundant. 
It was afterward seen in considerable numbers near the mouth of Trail Creek, and along other little 
timbered streams running into the Yellowstone River. These birds were several times seen search- 
ing for food upon the ground after the manner of Colaptes. 


76. COLAPTES AURATUS, (Linn.) Sw. 
GOLDEN-WINGED WOODPECKER; I*LICKER. 
Abundant along the Missouri River, at least as far up as Fort Buford. 
77. COLAPTES MEXICANUS, Sw. 
RED-SHAFTED WOODPECKER. 


Abundant about Camp Baker and in the Yellowstone Park. 


STRIGID 4. 
78. BUBO VIRGINIANUS, (G@m.) Bp. 
GREAT HORNED OWL. 
Seen once near Carroll. 
79. OTUS PALUSTRIS, (Bechst.) Gould. 


SHORT-EARED OWL. 
Common on the plains. 


80. SPHEOTYTO CUNICULARIA HYPOGAEA, (Bp.) Coues. 


BURROWING OWL. 
Seen oceasionally on the plains. 


FALCONID.2. 
81. CIRCUS CYANEUS HUDSONIUS, (Linn.) Schl. 
MARSH HAWK. 


Very cammon throughout the country which we passed over. 
11 w 


82 RECONNAISSANCE FROM CARROLL, MONTANA, 


82, NISUS FUSCUS, (@m.) Kaup. 


SHARP-SHINNED Hawk. 


This species was seen but twice; one specimen having been taken on the shores of the Yellow- 
stone Lake, and another observed in the Lower Geyser Basin. 


83. NISUS COOPERI, (Bp.) Ridgway. 
CooPER’s HAWK. 
A single individual of this species was seen while we were ascending the Missouri. 
84. FALCO LANIARIUS POLYAGRUS, (Cass.) Ridgway. 


AMERICAN LANNER FALCON. 


This species, although not common in the country through which we passed, was occasionally 
seen, and no doubt bred on the mountains. I felt quite sure that a pair had a nest on Cone Butte, 
but was unable to find it. While at Camp Baker, a bird of this species used to fly over our camp 
every morning to a corral just beyond, where he would secure a blackbird or two for breakfast, and 


then return to the mountains. 
85. FALCO COMMUNIS ANATUM, (Gm.) Ridgiay. 


Duck Hawk. 


While ascending the Missouri, we several times saw the nests of this species placed on little 
ledges of the high washed clay bluffs by which the river is bordered. These nests all contained 
unfledged young. One or both of the parents was always to be seen sitting near the nest. This 
species was abundant in the valley of the Yellowstone above Emigrant Peak, and had no doubt 


bred there, as I took a very young bird. 


86. FALCO COLUMBARIUS (?) RICHARDSONI, (Linn.) Ridgeway. 


RICHARDSON’S FALCON. 


A Pigeon Hawk, probably to be referred to this variety, was seen September 5, hovering low 
over the summit of the Bridger Mountains. 


87. FALCO SPARVERIUS, Innn. 
SPARROW HAWKE. 
Abundant on the plains and along the Yellowstone River. 
88. BUTEO BOREALIS, (Gm.) Vieill. 
RED-TAILED HAWK. 
Seen on several occasions on the Missouri River. 
89. BUTEO BOREALIS CALURUS, (@m.) Cass. 
WESTERN RED-TAILED HAWK. 


This was the most common hawk seen in the mountains. We must have seen fifteen or twenty 
the day that we passed through Bridger’s Pass; and they were equally abundant in some parts 
of the Yellowstone Park. 
90. BUTEO SWAINSONI, Bp. 

SwAtnson’s HAwk. 


Rather numerous in the valley of the Yellowstone. 


TO YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK. 83 


91. ARCHIBUTEO LAGOPUS SANCTI-JOHANNIS, (Gm.) Ridgway. 
ROUGH-LEGGED HAWK. 
Abundant about Gardiner’s Springs and in the valley of the Yellowstone. 
92, ARCHIBUTEO FERRUGINEODS, (Licht.) Gray. 
FERRUGINOUS HAWK. 


This striking species was common on the plains from the Missouri River westward until we 
reached the mountains. It was often seen sitting on the little mounds raised by the prairie-dogs, 
gazing intently at the entrance of the burrow, apparently waiting to seize the first one that 


should appear. 4) 
93. PANDION HALIAETUS, (Linn.) Cur. 


FISsH-HAWK. 


The Fish-hawk, although occasionally seen on the Missouri, is not, in my experience at 
least, common on that river below the point where it becomes muddy. Above Carroll, however, 
the river is quite clear, and there if seems much more numerous. It was nowhere so abundant as 
on the Yellowstone River; and while traveling along that stream I saw from six to twelve of these 
birds every day. At the falls of the Yellowstone, this species was constantly in sight, sometimes 
sailing like a black speck close to the water far below us, or balancing itself on some dead pine that 
grew half-way up the sides of the canon. 


94, AQUILA CHRYSAETOS, Linn. 
GOLDEN EAGLE. 


Occurs more or less frequently all through the country which we traversed, but is most often 
seen in the mountains and on high wooded buttes. I saw it at the Forks of the Musselshell, near 
Bridger Pass, and once over the Missouri River. 


95. HALIAETUS LEUCOCEPHALUS, (Linn.) Sw. 
WHITE-HEADED HAGLE. 


Seen several times on the Missouri. 


CATHARTIDZ. 


96. CATHARTES AURA, (Linn.) Ill. 
TURKEY BUZZARD. 
Abundant on the plains. 
COLUMBID&. 

97. ECTOPISTES MIGRATORIA, (Linn.) Sw. 

PASSENGER PIGEON. 
Seen in small companies in July along the Missouri River bottom, where it was doubtless 
breeding. 
98. ZENASDURA CAROLINENSIS, (Linn.) Bp. 
Common Dove; TURTLE DOVE. 


Common everywhere. 


84 RECONNAISSANCE FROM CARROLL, MONTANA, 


TETRAONID. 


99. TETRAO OBSCURUS, Say. 
Dusky GROUSE; BLUE GROUSE. 


Ve found this species very abundant from the time that we reached the mountains until we 
left them again. The first seen were a mother with a brood of small young, taken in the Judith 
Mountains. From this point to and through the Yellowstone Park they were frequently met with. 

There seems to be a wide variation in the time at which these birds deposit their eggs. Inthe 
Musselshell Cafion and along Deep Creek I saw many broods of half-grown chicks, and in some 
cases the young were nearly as large as the parent bird. This was late in July. On the 4th of 
August, I saw a brood on an extensive prairie in the Little Belt Mountains near Camp Baker, 
which must have been less than a week old; at all events, they were so young that I had no difii- 
culty in catching several of them alive. Two weeks later I saw a brood on Trail Creek near the 
Yellowstone River, that were certainly not more than ten days or two weeks old. 

The females with their young seem to pass the night in the creek-bottoms, and it is in such 
places that they must be looked for early in the morning and late in the afternoon. About 9 or 10 
o’clock a. m., they proceed on foot to the uplands, where they remain until about two hours before 
sunset, when they come down to the stream to drink, and remain all night. In returning from the 
hills, they always fly. The young, when alarmed or uneasy, have a fashion of erecting the feathers 
of the sides of the neck just below the head, which, when seen at a little distance, gives them a 
very odd appearance. The female, when the young birds are nearly approached or captured, 
makes no attempt to draw away the enemy by any of the artifices employed by Bonasa wmbellus, but 
contents herself with wandering anxiously about at a short distance, holding the tail quite erect, 
and clucking after the manner of the domestic hen under similar circumstances. The young when 
well grown are delicious eating, and many were killed by us for food when large game could not 
be obtained. When a brood has been scattered, the individuals which compose it lie well and 
furnish fair shooting. Though swift fliers, they are easily killed in the open, and I secured most 
of those that I killed with mustard-seed shot. The birds would sometimes let me approach within 
three or four feet of them before rising, and they were pretty objects as they crouched waiting for 
me to take one more step toward them. The body flattened out on the ground, the head and neck 
straight and pressed against the earth, the tail slightly elevated, and all the while the bright brown 
eye watching for the slightest sign that the bird’s presence was discovered, together made up a 
picture which, though familiar enough, ever possesses a new interest for me. 

But one brood was seen in heavy pine timber. In this case, the family, which consisted of the 
mother and six or eight well-grown young, took refuge in the lower limbs of a large pine, from 
which they refused to move until several shots had been fired at them. 

Having in mind Dr. Cooper’s statement that, in Oregon and Northern California, this species 
is not seen in winter, I made diligent inquiry among the settlers in the mountains of Montana for 
information on this point. All of those with whom I spoke informed me that the Blue Grouse was 
apparently quite as abundant in winter as in summer. 

It is to be noticed that I found this species almost invariably in the open creek- -bottoms, and 
sometimes in quite extensive prairies, although always among the mountains. This state of things, 
which is exactly the reverse of the experience of most other observers, was no doubt due, in part 
at least, to the fact that the birds had their tender young with them, and that these would be more 
safe in the valleys than on the mountain-sides. 

During the trip, not a single adult male was secured. On the high mountains, however, at and 
near timber-line, I several times started single birds and small packs of this species. The only one 
secured in such situations was a barren female; but I think it probable that most of those seen 
here were old males. 

The specimens preserved on the trip seem to be intermediate between varieties obscwrus and 
richardsoni, 


TO YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK. 85 


100. CENTROCERCUS UROPHASIANUS, (Bp.) Sw. 
SAGE GROUSE. 


We first saw this species near Wolf Point on the Missouri, where several were started from 
the river-bottom by the passage of the steamboat. On Box Elder Creek, where we remained in 
camp for several days late in July, they were extremely numerous, and broods of young were seen 
of all ages, from the little chicks that could fly but a few feet to the large strong-winged birds 
that almost equaled their parents in weight. All were patnfully ignorant of the effect of fire-arms, 
and I have seen a brood of ten or a dozen well-grown birds walk quietly along before two men who 
were trying to shoot their heads off with rifles, until half their number had been killed. At each 
report, they would stretch up their necks and gaze around as if a little curious to find out whence 
the noise proceeded and what it meant, and would then move leisurely on toward the hills, feeding 
as they went. If, however, a ball touched, but did not fatally wound or cripple a bird, and it rose 
or fluttered about on the ground, the whole flock took the alarm and were off without delay. 

About Box Elder, they seemed to pass the night on the uplands, coming down to the water 
morning and evening, and retiring to the higher ground before the sun became hot in the morning, 
and just about sunset in the evening. The young, even when nearly full grown, utter a plaintive 
peeping cry, which has the peculiar effect of appearing to come from a long distance off, even 
though the bird may be quite close at hand. 

When seen during the summer, the birds were, of course, in families; but on our return march 
in September, they had commenced ollecting together, and packs of from inte to fifty individuals 
were several times seen. 


101. PEDIGSCETES PHASIANELLUS COLUMBIANUS, (Ord.) Goues. 
SHARP-TAILED GROUSE. 


I saw this species only on the plains, a state of things which somewhat surprised me; for, 
although, of course, essentially a prairie bird, I found it during the summer of 1874 in great num- 
bers among the Black Hills of Dakota. They were more numerous on Box Elder Creek than at 
any other point; and indeed they seem to prefer streams which have a wide bottom overgrown 
with rose-bushes and other shrubs, on the fruit of which they feed. The young birds were from 
one-half to two-thirds grown late in July. 

During our passage down the Missouri River, we often saw this species on the dry sand-bars 
that dotted the river, rolling and dusting themselves in the sand. I did not see these birds roosting 
on trees until about September 10, at which time the weather at night was quite cold. 


102. BONASA UMBELLUS UMBELLOIDES, (Linn.) Baird. 
Rocky MoOuUNTAIN RUFFED GROUSE. 


Although this species was said to be extremely abundant in the Yellowstone Park, we saw 
very few of them, not twenty in all. In habits, they seem to resemble almost exactly the eastern 
variety. A female, with six or eight young only about a week old, was seen August 19. The 
young, instead of hiding, flew into the lowest branches of a dead pine, a distance of three or four 
feet, which they just managed to accomplish, while the female fluttered about at my feet as if in 
the death agony. I had not the heart to molest the charming little family, and after watching 
them for a short time I moved off, leaving them to their own devices. 


CHARADRID. | 


103. AUGLALITIS VOCIFERUS, (Linn.) Bp. 


KQLLDEER PLOVER. 


Abundant, breeding on the plains near water, 


86 RECONNAISSANCE FROM CARROLL, MONTANA, 


104, ZAGIALITIS MONTANUS, (Towns.) Baird. 
MOUNTAIN PLOVER. 


I did not find this species at all abundant in that portion of Montana which we traversed. 
Two females, each followed by a newly-hatched young one, were taken near Haymaker’s Creek 
August 1, and were the only individuals observed during the trip. The mothers displayed much 
anxiety for their young, and endeavored to lead me away from them by the artifices usual with 
this family of birds. The young were pretty but rather awkward little objects, and tottered along 
with uncertain steps, as if their legs were too long and they found difficulty in balancing them- 
selves upon them. 


RECURVIROSTRIDZ. 
105. RECURVIROSTRA AMERICANA, Gm. 
AVOCE!. 


This species abounds on the small alkaline pools that are so common in Dakota, and is quite 
common in that portion of Montana through which we passed. It was quite numerous on the 
Yellowstone River above the falls, where the stream is wide, and the wet, grassy bauks slope 
gradually down to the water’s edge ; and many were seen on the shores of the lake. I also saw a 
large flock on a small pool near Fort Ellis. They were rather shy, rising in a thick flock at long 
gunshot, and making the air ring with their shrill cries. A wounded bird unable to fly attempted 
to escape by diving, making use of the wings for progression under water. 


PHALAROPODID. 


106. LOBIPES HYPERBOREUS, (Linn.) Cur. 
NORTHERN PHALAROPE. 


A flock of thirty or forty of these graceful birds was seen on a small pool near Fort Ellis. 
SCOLOPACID/. 


107. GALLINAGO WILSONII, (Temm.) Bp. 
WILSON’S SNIPE. 
One individual seen near Fort Ellis. 
108. TRINGA MINUTILLA, Vieill. 
LEAST SANDPIPER. 


This species was only observed near Fort Ellis, where, however, it was abundant early in 
September. 
109. TRINGA BAIRDIT, Coues. 


BAIRD’S SANDPIPER. 


This species was noticed at Fort Ellis, at Gardiner’s Springs, and in the Lower Geyser Basin. 
In the last-mentioned locality, it was seen in flocks of from fifty to sixty individuals. 


110. TOTANUS SEMIPALMATUS, (G@m.) Zemm. 
WILLET. 


Abundant on alkaline pools in Dakota and on the Yellowstone Lake. 


TO YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK. 87 


111. TOTANUS MELANOLEUCUS, (@m.) Vieill. 


GREAT YELLOWSHANKS ; TELLTALE. 


Abundant on the Yellowstone Lake, and, during September, on the Missouri and streams 
flowing into it. 
112. TOTANUS FLAVIPES, (Gm.) Vieill. 


LESSER YELLOWLEGS. 


A few birds of this species were seen near Fort Ellis and on the shores of the Yellowstone 
Lake. 
113. TOTANUS SOLITARIUS, ( Wils.) Aud. 
SOLITARY SANDPIPER. 


This species was observed buat twice during the summer; once near Fort Ellis and once in the 
Upper Geyser Basin. 


114, TRINGOIDES MACULARIUS, (Linn.) Gray. 


SPOTTED SANDPIPER. 


Abundant along the Missouri River, and along mountain-streams as well. On the Missouri, 
when startled by the approach of the steamboat, they would fly a short distance, and then alight 
on the slender and pliable twigs projecting from the fresh beaver-houses, on which they would 
balance themselves with the oddest bobbings and noddings imaginable. 


115. ACTITURUS BARTRAMIUS, ( Wils.) Bp. 
BARTRAMIAN SANDPIPER; UPLAND PLOVER. 


Abundant on the plains in Montana. Late in July,l secured young birds nearly as strong on 
the wing as their parents, and at the same time noticed broods of newly-hatched young. 


116. NUMENIUS LONGIROSTRIS, Wils. 
LONG-BILLED CURLEW. 


Abundant on the plains. Near Box Elder, and all along the base of the Judith Mountains, 
large scattering companies of these birds were seen feeding on the prairies. They were quite shy, 
and could not often be approached within gun-range except by strategy. As we drew near, they 
would rise, one after another, each uttering his loud, rolling note, until finally all were on the 
wing. They would then, in a dense flock, for a short tims perform a variety of beautiful evolutions 
high in the air, finally re-alighting at a considerable distance. 


ARDEID. 
117. ARDEA HERODIAS, Linn. 


GREAT BLUE HERON. 


This species was abundant along the Missouri River in July and September. Prominent 
objects as they stood on the bare sand-bars, they often drew half a dozen rifle-shots from the steamer 
as it passed. = 


GRUIDZ. 


118. GRUS CANADENSIS, (Linn.) Temm. 


SANDHILL CRANE. 
Very abundant all through the Yellowstone Park, but not seer on the plains. 


88 RECONNAISSANCE FROM CARROLL, MONTANA, 


RALLIDZ. 


119. FULICA AMERICANA, Gm. 
Coot; MuUD-HEN. 
ANATID. 

120, (2) CYGNUS BUCCINATOR, Rich. 


Abundant in Dakota. 


TRUMPETER SWAN. 


A single swan seen in flight at the Yellowstone Lake was probably of this species. It was 
taken on this water by Mr. Merriam in 1872. 


121, ANSER HYPERBOREUS, Pall. 


Snow Goose. 
A flock of these birds were seen on the Yellowstone River near the lake; and the species was 
again observed in considerable numbers on the alkaline pools near the Missouri River in October. 
122, BRANTA CANADENSIS, (Linn.) Gray. 


CANADA GOOSE; CoMMON WILD GOOSE. 


The common wild goose was seen in the greatest abundance on the Missouri River, and was 
numerous on the Yellowstone Lake as well. Early in July, while on the way from Bismarck to 
Carroll, we saw many broods of young, and, when coming down the river late in September, hardly 
an hour passed without our seeing one or more large flocks of these birds. The young gosliugs are 
pretty little things, and the devotion to them of the mother is interesting. Four was the smallest 
number seen in a brood, and nine the largest. On one occasion I saw what seemed to be a union 
of two families. The two females swam in advance side by side, while the ganders brought up the 
rear, and the nine young ones followed directly behind the females. 

When approached while in the water, the birds would gradually sink until nothing but the 
bill and upper part of the head appeared above the surface; the young would then disappear one 
after another, and last of all the old female would dive. The male always flew off to a safe 
distance before the diving commenced ; but in no instance did I see the mother leaye her brood. 


123. ANAS BOSCHAS, Linn. 
MALLARD. 
Abundant, breeding along the Missouri and on smaller streams in the mountains. 
124. DAFILA ACUTA, (Linn.) Bp. 
PrIn-TAIL DUCK. 
Observed in considerable numbers on the Yellowstone Lake. 
125. CHAULELASMUS STREPERUS, (Linn.) Gray. 
GADWALL; GRAY DUCK. 


Abundant on alkaline pools in Dakota; a female with a brood of newly-hatched young was 
seen on Box Elder. 
126. MARECA AMERICANA, (Gm.) Steph. 


AMERICAN WIDGEON. 


Abundant on many of the streams in Dakota and Montana. 


TO YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK. 89 


127. QUERQUEDULA CAROLINENSIS, (G@m.) Steph. 
GREEN-WINGED TEAL. 


Abundant, breeding on streams in Eastern Montana. On Deep Creek, early in August, I saw 
many broods of young apparently only a few days old. 


128. QUERQUEDULA DISCORS, (Linn.) Steph. 
BLUE-WINGED TEAL. 


Seen in considerable numbers on the Missouri River in September. 


129. SPATULA CLYPEATA, (Linn.) Boie. 
SHOVELER. 
Quite abundant on alkaline pools in Dakota. 
130. FULIGULA AFFINIS, Byton. 
LESSER BLACKHEAD. 

Abundant on alkaline pools in Dakota. 

131. BUCEPHALA ALBEOLA, (Linn.) Bad. 

DIPPER; BUFFLE-HEAD. 


This species was rather common on the little mountain lakes and streams of Montana. On 
one of the forks of Deep Creek, a female with half a dozen young not yet able to fly, was seen, 
and several of the young secured. Afterward families of this species were quite frequently observed 


132. (?) QDEMIA FUSCA, (Linn.) Flem. 
WHITE-WINGED SURF DUCK. 


Seen on the Yellowstone Lake in August. I mention this species with a query, because. 
although 1 recognized it satisfactorily to myself, I took no specimens. The locality is quite out of 
the range usually ascribed to this bird. 

. 133. MERGUS MERGANSER, Linn. 
GOOSANDER. 


Observed in considerable numbers on the Yellowstone Lake. In August, the young were not 
yet able to fly. 


134. MERGUS CUCULLATUS, Linn. 
HoopED MERGANSER. 


Rather common along the Missouri River. 


PELECANID &: 
135. PELECANUS TRACHYRHYNCHUS, Lath. 
WHITE PELICAN. 


Very abundant on the Yellowstone Lake, but shy and difficult of approach. 
12 w 


90 RECONNAISSANCE FROM CARROLL, MONTANA, 


LARID. 
136. LARUS DELAWARENSIS, Ord. 
<ING-BILLED GULL. 
~ Common on Yellowstone Lake and on the Missouri River. 
COLYMBIDZ. 
137. COLYMBUS TORQUATUS, Brunn. 
Loon; GREAT NORTHERN DIVER. 
Observed frequently on alkaline pools in Dakota and on the Missouri River. 
PODICIPID. 
138. PODICEPS CORNUTUS, Lath. 
HoRNED GREBE. | 
Abundant during migrations on the Missouri, and all streams and pools in the mountains. 
* 139. PODILYMBUS PODICEPS, (Linn.). Laer. 
PIED-BILLED GREBE. 


Abundant on alkaline pools in Dakota. 


PARTIAL LIST OF THE MAMMALS AND BIRDS OF THE YELLOWSTONE PARK. 


This list, which is of course very incomplete, consists merely of the observations of Mr. C. H. 
Merriam in 1872 and those made by myself in 1875. Such species as were noticed by only one 
observer are followed by the initial letter of his name. 


MAMMALS. 


. Nycticejus crepuscularis, Allen, M. 
Vespertilio lucifugus, LeConte, M. 
Vespertilio ywmanensis, Allen, M. 

. Felis concolor, Linn, G. 

. Lyne rufus, Rat., G. 

. Lyne canadensis, Raf., G. 

. Canis occidentalis, Rich., G. 

. Canis latrans , Say, G. 

. Mustela americana, Turton, G. 

10. Putorius pusillus, Aud. & Bach., M. 
11. Gulo luscus, Sabine. 

12. Mephitis mephitica, Baird, M. 

13. Mephitis bicolor, Gray, M. 

14. Ursus horribilis, Ord. : 
15. Ursus americanus, Pallas. 

16. Sciwrus hudsonius, Pallas. 

17. Tamias quadrivittatus, Say. 


DNNAMPE WHE 


me 


bo 


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Lo 


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BSOMDAD AE wr 


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17. 


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Oo OH 


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PAN 
22. 
23, 
24. 
25. 
26. 
27. 
28. 
29. 
2 

oU. 
31. 


32. 


33. 
bd. 
35. 


36, 


TO YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK. 


. Spermophilus townsendi, Bach., M. 
. Arctomys flaviventer, Bach. 

. Castor canadensis, Kuhl. 

» Thomomys talpoides, Rich. 

. Zapus hudsonius, Coues. 

. Hesperomys leucopus sonoriensis, LeConte. 
. Arvicola riparia, Ord. 

. Hrithizon epixanthus, Brandt. 

. Lepus bairdii, Hayden, M. 

. Lagomys princeps, Rich., M. 

. Alee americanus, Jardine. 


Cervus canadensis, Exleben. G. 


. Cervus macrotis, Say, G. 

. Antilocapra americana, Ord. M. 
. Ovis montana, Cuv., G. 

. Bos americanus, Gmelin, G. 


BIRDS. 


. Turdus migratorius, Linn. 
. Oreoscoptes montanus, (Towns.) Baird. 
. Mimus carolinensis, (Linn.) Gray. 


Cinclus mexicanus, Sw. 


. Sialia aretica, Sw. 


Regulus calendula, (Linn.) Licht., M. 
Parus atricapillus septentrionalis, (Harris) Allen, G. 


. Parus montanus, Gambel, M. 

. Sitta carolinensis aculeata, (Cass.) Allen. 

. Troglodytes aédon parkmannt, (Aud.) Coues, M. 

. Cistothorus palustris, (Wils.) Baird, G. 

. Anthus ludovicianus, (Gm.) Licht., M. 

. Dendreca audubonii, (Towns.) Baird. 

. Geothlypis philadelphia macgillivrayt, (Wils.) Allen, G. 
. Myiodioctes pusillus, (Wils.) Bp., M. 

. Pyranga ludoviciana, (Wils.) Bp. 


Hirundo horreorum, Barton. 


. Hirundo thalassina, Sw. 
. Petrochelidon lunifrons, (Say) Sel. 
. Carpodacus cassini, Baird. 


Loxia curvirostra americana, (Wils.) Coues, G. 
Chrysomitris pinus, (Wils.) Bp. 

Powectes gramineus confinis, (Gm.) Bd. 
Melospiza melodia fallax, (Wils.) Ridgway. 
Junco oregonus, (Towns.) Baird. 

Spizella socialis arizone, (Wils.) Coues. 
Zonotrichia leucophrys, Sw. 

Zonoirichia leucophrys intermedia, Ridgway, M. 
Chondestes grammaca, (Say) Bp., M. 
Goniaphea melanocephala, (Sw.) Gray, M. 
Cyanospiza amena, (Say) Baird, M. 

Pipilo chlorurus, (Towns.) Baird, M. 
Molothrus pecoris, (Gm.) Sw., G. 

Icterus bullockii, (Sw.) Bp., M. 

Picicorvus columbianus, (Wils.) Bp., G. 

Pica melanoleuca hudsonica, (Sab.) Coues. 


91 


RECONNAISSANCE FROM CARROLL, MONTANA. 


. Cyanurus stelleri macrolophus, (Baird) Allen. 
. Perisoreus canadensis capitalis, Baird. 

. Tyrannus verticalis, Say, M. 

. Contopus borealis, Baird, M. 

. Contopus virens richardsonii, (Sw.) Allen. 

. Empidonaz pusillus, Cab., M. 

. Ceryle aleyon, (Linn.) Boie, G. 

. Picus villosus harrisii, inn.) Allen, M. 


5. Picus pubescens, Linn., G. 


. Picoides arcticus, (Sw.) Gray, M. 


7. Picoides americanus. dorsalis, (Brehm) Baird, M. 


. Sphyrapicus thyroideus, (Cass.) Baird. 

. Melanerpes erythrocephalus, (Linn.) Sw., G. 
. Melanerpes torquatus, (Wils.) Bp. 

. Colaptes mexicanus, Sw. 


52. Otus vulgaris wilsonianus, (Less.) Allen, M. 


Ou or Or Sr St 
WrAD OF 


> or 
© 


. Surnia ulula hudsonia, (Gm.) Coues, M. 

. Circus cyaneus hudsonius, (Linn.) Schl. 

. Nisus fuscus, (Gm.) Kaup. 

. Falco communis anatum, (Gm.) Ridgway, G. 

. Falco sparverius, Linn. 

Buteo borealis calurus, (Gm.) Ridgway. 

. Buteo swainsoni, Bp. 

. Archibuteo lagopus sancti-johannis, (Gm.) Ridgway, G. 
. Pandion haliaétus, Linn.) Cuy. 


2. Tetrao obscurus, Say. 


“1m Ol 


mMHoawaartana 
oon 


. Bonasa umbellus wnbelloides, (Linn.) Baird. 
. Algialitis vociferus, (Linn.) Bp. 

. Recurvirostra americana, Gm., G. 

. Tringa bairdii, Coues. 

. Totanus semipalmatus, (Gm.) Temm., G. 
. Totanus melanoleucus, (Gm.) Vieill. 

. Totanus flavipes, (Gm.) Vieill., G. 

. Totanus solitarius, (Wils.) Aud., G. 

. Grus canadensis, (Linn.) Temm., G. 

. Cygnus buccinator, Rich. 

. Anser hyperboreus, Pallas, G. 

. Branta canadensis, (Linn.) Gray, G. 

. Dafila acuta, Senyns, G. 

. Bucephala albeola, (Linn.) Baird, G. 

. (2?) @demia fusca, (Linn.) Flem., G. 

. Mergus merganser Linn, G. 

. Pelecanus trachyrhynchus, Lath., G. 

. Larus delawarensis, Ord, G. 

. Podiceps cornutus, Lath., G. 


RECONNAISSANCE FROM CARROLL, MONTANA, TO YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK. 


Comoro Crewe ly yl P ORE. 


BY 


EDWARD 8S. DANA anvp GEO. BIRD GRINNELL. 


LEVER OF TRANSMITTAL. 


YALE COLLEGE, NEW HAVEN, ConN., 
June 1, 1876. 

Str: We have the honor to hand you herewith a report on the geology of a “‘ Reconnaissance 
from Carroll, Montana, to the Yellowstone Park, and return,” made under your command during 
the months of July, August, and September, 1875. 

In submitting the narrative of our examination of the country passed over, we wish to express 
to you our grateful appreciation of your uniform kindness, and constant willingness to facilitate 
our investigations by every means in your power. To Lieut. CO. F. Roe, who commanded our 
escort from Carroll to Camp Baker, we are under obligations for many kindnesses. At Camp 
Baker, Fort Ellis, and Camp Lewis, we were the recipients of most generous hospitalities from the 
officers of those posts; and our brief delays at those points are remembered by us as being among 
the pleasantest days of the trip. 

The vertebrate fossils collected during the summer were submitted to Prof. O. C. Marsh, and 
by him identified. The invertebrates were examined by Mr. R. P. Whitfield, of Albany, and his 
identifications, with occasional comments on the specimens, will be found in the-body of the repoft. 
A paper by Mr. Whitfield, describing such new forms as were discovered during the summer, 
accompanies our report. To both of these gentlemen our thanks are due for the many favors that 
we have received from them. 

We remain, sir, very respectfully, your obedient servants, 
EDWARD S. DANA. 
GzEO. BIRD GRINNELL. 
Col. Wu. LUDLOW, 
Chief Engineer of the Department of Dakota, 
Saint Paul, Minn. 


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GEOLOGICAL REPORT. 


sy Epwarp S. Dana aND Gro. Brrp GRINNELL. 


PRELIMINARY REMARKS ON THE ALLUVIAL DEPOSITS OF THE UPPER MIS- 
SOURL RIVER. 


The town of Carroll is situated in the alluvial bottom of the Missouri, which is at this point 
quite extensive, and well timbered with a fine growth of cottonwood. ‘The course of the river-valley 
is here easterly, and it continues for a considerable distance with but little change in general direc 
tion, though the valley varies very considerably in width between the high walls of Cretaceous clays 
which rise on either side of it. The river sometimes winds along through a bottom two or three 
miles wide, and again is confined to a narrow passage between the steep washed bluffs several 
hundred feet in height. 

The alluvial phenomena are those which are always observed under similar circumstances, though 
they take place here more rapidly and on a larger scale than is often the case, in consequence of the 
vast amount of solid matter which the river is constantly carrying down. On this account, the 
“muddy Missouri” offers peculiar advantages for the study of alluvial changes; and, could a series 
of observations be carried on at a few points during two or three seasons, a large amount of data 
might be collected which would lead to interesting and valuable conclusions. At Carroll, we have 
an example of a condition of things which may be observed at almost any point in this part of the 
river, and a few words of explanation may consequently not be out of place. At a, on the outer 
bank of the river, the current is strong, and has forced itself 
close up under the high bluffs, whose top forms the border of the 
broad prairie above. The older deposits, at points such as this, 
are directly acted upon by the running water, and are thus grad- 
ually undermined and worn away, the material being carried on by £ 
the current. Upon the opposite side of the stream, at c, the current “ 
is weaker, the water shallow and eddying, and the shore runs out cretaceous. 4 
to meet the water in a long low sand-bar. At b, there is a high é 
bank of alluvial clays, 10 feet or more above the stream, deposited 
jong before in time of flood, but now being rapidly torn away. Still 
again at a’ the water washes at the foot of the older bluffs, while 
opposite is the never-failing sand-point. 

Thus the river winds on its course, touching the hills, which form 
the true limit of its valley, only here and there. Tor the greater 
part of its course, it is confined between the alluvial banks. It is 
safe to say that, except in the spring, the river deposits compara- 
tively little solid matter, and this, chiefly on the sand-spits and 
bars, where the force of the moving water is small. The work 
of the river is at_this season one of destruction more than deposition, tearing down what it hag 

13 W 


98 RECONNAISSANCE FROM CARROLL, MONTANA, 


itself previously built up, and also to a less extent carrying away the older deposits. It acts 
alone, unaided by any minor tributary streams; for they are dry except in the early season, Even 
during the summer, however, the channel is constantly changing. The mud-and-sand bars which 
are everywhere formed do not long retain their positions, but are moved on down the river and 
heaped up again in other places. Thus the process is one of gradual transferral down the stream ; 
the solid matter going to make one alluvial bank after another until it is finally deposited in the 
Gulf of Mexico. 

It is interesting to note, in this connection, the explanation recently given by Prof. James 
Thomson (Proc. Royal Society, 1876) of the origin of the windings of rivers in alluvial plains. He 
shows that, upon hydraulic principles, the velocity of the stream must be greater on the inner bank 
than-on the outer, and yet, as shown here, the wearing away takes place upon the outer bank, and 
the deposits are made on the inner bank. This is in part due to the centrifugal force, which tends 
to make the surface-water move away from the inner bank, while its place is taken by a partial 
upward current of the bottom water retarded much by friction. This current moves obliquely 
toward the inner bank, and serves to protect it from the rapid scour of the stream-line. On the 
outer bank, however, there is a tendency of the rapidly-moving surface-water, unimpeded by fric- 
ton, downward against the solid bank; this it tends to wear away, the worn substance is carried 
down to the bottom, where the oblique current spoken of carries it toward the inner bank. Sooner 
or later it will reach this point, and more or less of it will find a resting-place. 

These principles find an application in the flow of the Missouri through its alluvial plain. It 
is on the outer bank of the successive curves of the river that the wear is greatest, and that the 
river has forced its way up to the older bluffs, while on the inner bank the deposits are being made, 
more or less, all the time, sand or mud, or both, according to the relative velocities of the different 
parts of the stream. 

As has been remarked, the work of the river in summer is destructive, and no additions are 
made at this time to, the height of the alluvial banks. In spring, the case is very different, and it is 
at that time that the chief deposits of alluvium are made. The river is then full, the snows all over 
the wide area drained by the Missouri are melting, rains are frequent, and a vast amount of material 
is brought in from the surrounding country. The amount of solid matter held in suspension at this 
season is enormous. In floods, the waters rise many feet, overspreading the lower alluvial ground, 
and in subsiding and evaporating they deposit their load of sand and clay, sometimes covering a well- 
grown and fertile plain with a bed of alluvium a footand more in thickness. This sometimes takes 
place for a number of successive years at the same points, as is shown by the fact that the roots 
of trees which must have been close to the surface of the ground when they commenced to grow 
were often seen buried beneath from four to six feet of alluvium. We could of course only observe 
this on the very edge of the bank, where the water had removed a part of the old alluvium, expos- 

Fig. 2. ing to view the roots, and that part of the trunk which 
had been buried. Some of these trees were quite small, 
not more than 3 or 4 inches in diameter, and most of them 
were still living; thus indicating how rapidly such depos- 
its as those referred to are made. The trees were mostly 
cottonwoods and elms, species of rapid growth. That these 
deposits are made very rapidly is also shown by the thick 
layers to be noticed in any section of a bank so deposited, 
sometimes a foot or more, perfectly homogeneous. It is 
interesting to note the great variation in the height of the 
perpendicular alluvial banks. From point to point, in some 
cases, it is only three or four feet; in others twenty-five feet 
or more. This depends obviously on the strength of the current, and the extent to which the water 
is backed up. It bears upon the general subject of river-terraces. Not infrequently we observed a 
second terrace above, or rather a long line of high cut bluffs separated from the stream by another 
alluvial plain (see figure 3). This is all of recent origin, and merely means that the river stopped 
washing away the bluffs here, and commenced to fill up at its foot. 

The energy of the stream is at all times directly proportional to the amount of the descending 


TO YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK. 99 


water; and hence is immensely greater in spring than in summer. This energy is probably all 
expended in overcoming friction, and in carrying the load of solid matter. The difference in the 
amount of detritus held in suspension by the stream in early July and in late September was very 
marked—at the latter time the stream seemed to have to a great extent cleared itself. This is 
doubtless due to the diminished volume of the water, in consequence of which the carrying power 
of the stream was so much diminished. A river of this character seems to act as a destructive 
agent rather through the weight and moving force of its own water than by means of the abrading 
power of the solid matter it carries with it. 


ro Iig 3. 
A 


Alluvium. Lar Ye —_——_ 


A true upper terrace was not observed at any point above the mouth of the Yellowstone. At 
points below, it was not uncommon to see one hugging the lignite bluffs, and separated from the 
river by a wide alluvial plain. Whether it be a true terrace or only a recent deposit is doubtful. 
Such a place was noticed a short distance below Fort Buford, where the water must once have 
spread over an immense area, pointing to the time when the Missouri was a much larger stream 
than it is at present. 

Above Carroll, the river-bottom becomes much less wide, and, although sometimes flowing 
through valleys more or less broad, the stream generally passes along between and close beneath 
frowning banks of washed clays and sands. The undermining of the banks takes place here in 
the same manner as where they are alluvial; but, owing to the greater hardness and thickness 
of the older rocks upon which the water acts, the process is much more slow. It goes on con- 
stantly, however, so that at last a great mass of the rock above, perhaps a hundred feet in thick- 
ness, deprived of its support, slips down into the water. This has occurred at many points, and 
gives to the rocks, as viewed from the river, a great variety of dip, which has been considered by 
some observers as indicating an extensive disturbance of these beds, due to the elevation of the 
mountain-ranges of this section of the country. We cannot doubt, however, that all these apparent 
disturbances are purely local, and have been caused by the action of running water. 


FROM CARROLL TO BOX ELDER CREEK. 
Fort Pierre Group of the Cretaceous. 


The clay bluffs at Carroll rise abruptly above the alluvial bottom on both sides of the river. 
They belong to what Dr. Hayden has called the Fort Pierre Group, Cretaceous No. 4. These bluffs 
consist of a dark-blue to purplish-black laminated clay, occasionally stained with iron, and some- 
times containing very thin layers of white sand. They are remarkably constant in character from 
top to bottom. Dr. Hayden has stated in general that the clays of No. 4 are not laminated; 
but this is not true of those which came under our observation. 

The characteristic features of this clay are (1) the large calcareous concretions, which will 
be spoken of more particularly in connection with Crooked Creek ; (2) dns plates and crystals of 
transparent gypsum, or selenite; and (3) the alkaline deposits. = 

The selenite plates are one conspicuous, as they lie on the surface of the ground, and glisten 
brilliantly as the sun strikes them. In general, they are irregular crystalline fragments; but occa- 
sionally perfect crystals are found of the form common in the clay of Poland, Ohio. The surface 
of all these fragments is roughened and etched by the solvent action of the water which has 
flowed over them. These etchings are most distinct on the clinopinacoid, and are similar to those 
described by Baumhauer as having been produced artificially by the action of caustic potash. The 


100 RECONNAISSANCE FROM CARROLL, MONTANA, 


selenite plates are found most abundantly near the level of the river, having been washed together 
here, but they occur also more or less frequently on the plains, twenty-five miles from the river, 
at a level nearly 1,000 feet above. 

The alkaline deposits seem to be particularly abundant in some layers, exuding from the 
bluffs along the river in long white lines. Considerable deposits of it are seen at various points 
on the banks of the river, and all the little dry creek-bottoms leading into the Missouri are white, 
as if frosted with it. The following is an analysis of a particularly-pure specimen of the alkali 
collected near Carroll. For this analysis we are indebted to Mr. Fred. P. Dewey, of the Sheffield 
Scientific School of New Haven, and we would here express our acknowledgments to him: 


i Vik, Mean. 

NIE Oe sce = Tila) 11. 91 11. 80 
Nay@ie tee. 15-81 16. 20 16. 00 
CaO <-5-55 10353 0. 68 0. 60 
DihOe=ss5 0. 88 0. 88 0.88 
S$ O3..----- 44.09 44,12 44.10 
CINes ere trace trace trace 
H,@ .----- 23.09 23. 00 23. 05 
Insoluble.. 3.29 3. 27 3. 28 
99, 38 100. 06 99.71 


As will be seen from this analysis, the alkali consists essentially of the sulphates of sodium and 
magnesium ; in fact, the amount of sulphuric acid given is almost exactly what is required to unite 
with the several bases. The presence of the lithia is also to be noticed. 

This alkali is a constant attendant of this member of the Cretaceous, wherever observed in the 
West, and is one of the causes of its barren character. The water of the Missouri is so entirely 
derived from pure mountain-sources—even the large rivers, as the Musselshell, which flow through 
the alkaline prairie, being nearly dry at their outlets—that it is little affected by the salt which is 
brought into it, though the white deposits on the alluvial banks show that the quantity is not 
small. 

These Cretaceous clays have a laminated shaly structure wherever exposed: they weather 
down so readily, however, that often only the rounded beds of clay are seen. These are so soft and 
yielding, that the foot sinks deeply into them, and they have much the feeling of a bed of ashes. 
In the neighborhood of Carroll, there is more or less of a scanty vegetation; but farther down the 
river, perhaps one hundred and fifty miles, there seems to be no vegetation whatever, and the 
appearance of these black clay-beds is desolate in the extreme. 

The height of the Cretaceous bluffs above the river is quite variable as viewed from the water ; 
but, when we examine the total elevation attained in passing back from the river, we find that it 
is remarkably constant. The Helena road at Carroll rises in two or three very steep pitches the 
greater part of its final ascent, and, within two or three miles of where the road leaves the valley 
the high plateau is reached, which is kept, with little change of level, beyond Crooked Creek. The 
height here, as given by an aneroid, is 665 feet. On the other side of the river, the height of the 
corresponding plateau is 680 feet; though in this case the final elevation was found a little farther 
from the river, the rise of the plain being more gradual after the first steep ascent had been made. 

The appearance of the surrounding country, as viewed from the top of the bluffs back of 
Carroll, is very forbidding. The whole landscape is of a somber, gray tint; the color of the soil and 
the sage-brush sparingly relieved by the dark green of the stunted pines that grow here and there 
on the summits of the bluffs and along the little ravines. There is little vegetation, except the 
Artemisia, and, altogether, the region seems incapable of affording sustenance to man or beast. 
Notwithstanding its uninviting appeavance, the neighboring country abounds in game. This region 
has been, and still is, though to a less extent than formerly, the favorite feeding-ground of a por- 
tion of the great northern herd of buffaloes: antelope are numerous on the plains, and mule-deer 
and elk are found in the pine-timbered ravines. Farther back from the river, in the hill-country, 
the big-horn, or mountain-sheep, and the grizzly bear occur, though nowhere numerous. 

On both sides of the Missouri, the high bluffs are cut into numberless ravines, which divide 


TO YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK. 101 


and subdivide again to a wonderful extent, thus carrying the surface-drainage back into the river. 
These ravines are often quite well wooded, and some of them contain a little strongly alkaline 
water. 

As has been remarked, the height of the plateau varies but little as we proceed away from the 
river, though we soon pass over the divide which separates the immediate drainage of the Missouri 
from that of Crooked Creek, a tributary of the Musselshell River. 

Little Crooked Creek, thirteen miles from Carroll, retains water in holes until midsummer, 
when it generally dries up entirely. Five miles beyond, a branch of Crooked Creek also affords a 
little poor water in the early summer ; but, late in the season, the only water on the route is found in 
pools in the bed of Crooked Creek, and this is decidedly unpalatable. All these creeks, with their 
many dry branches, certainly contain swiftly-ranning water in the early season, when the spring 
rains unite with the melting snows to swell the streams. This is plainly shown by the high, cut 
banks and the large accumulations of drift pebbles in the turns in the creek-beds. 

The surface of the prairie from Carroll to Crooked Creek (twenty-one miles) and beyond, 
though this point is only about fifteen miles from the river in a direct line, is scattered with drift 
deposits. These are of two kinds: (1) large, mostly angular, blocks of syenite and other horn- 
blendic rocks, with occasionally some semi-crystalline limestone; and (2) small, smoothly-rounded 
pebbles, consisting to 90 per cent. of a brown quartzite or jasper. Some fragments of fossil wood 
may here and there be found, and a large variety of pebbles of various kinds of rocks in small 
quantities. This drift is entirely superficial, no proper deposits having been observed at any point. 
The lithological character of the drift will be described more in detail hereafter, when it will be 
connected with observations made north of the Missouri River (p. 135). 

At Carroll, in the lower levels of the Cretaceous No. 4, the only fossils observed were Baculites 
ovatus, Say, and a large Inoceramus. At Little Crooked Creek, where we made our first camp 
(July 13), we had more opportunity for search, and here, and farther on, at Crooked Creek, we found : 
Lucina ventricosa, M. & H. 

Lucina occidentalis, Morton. 

Mactra, sp.?. 

. Inoceramus tenuilineatus, H. & M. 

Anchura, sp. (specific features not shown). 
Ammonites Halli, M. & TH. 

. Scaphites nodosus, Owen. 

. Baculites ovatus, Say. 


AAATEWHe 


Inoceramus tenruilineatus, H. & M., Ammonites Halli, M. & H., and Baculites ovatus, Say, were 
extremely abundant at these localities, and the specimens secured comprise individuals of all ages. 

These fossils, as far as our observations go, are found only in the concretions previously men- 
tioned in connection with these beds. These concretions occur in great numbers from the level of 
the river to the highest point above it where these clays were seen. Those which contain fossils 
seem to be much more abundant in the upper layers than in those nearer the water’s level. Fossils 
were occasionally found in concretions from the lower ravines ; but such concretions were not seen 
in place. They were generally found imbedded in the loose, washed clays of the ravine, and had 
the appearance of having been carried down from some point above.- The concretions are quite 
compact when found in place in the cut bank, though they yield readily to a blow of the hammer. 
Whenever exposed for any length of time, however, to atmospheric influences, they separate into 
huudreds of angular fragments; and here and there over the prairie may be seen the little piles of 
these blocks, a conspicuous feature among the low cactus-plants. 

The concretions are generally a foot or two in diameter, though sometimes much larger, and 
are extensively cracked; the seams having been filled with crystallized calcite and sometimes with 
gypsum. One fine specimen of an Ammonite was found, the interior of which was lined with exceed- 
ingly delicate crystals of the selenite. The concretions, as a rule, are not distributed at random 
through the clays, but lie in layers, sometimes closely contiguous, so as to form an almost uninter- 
rupted stratum. The large majority are destitute of fossil remains; but occasionally they are met 
with, containing large numbers of the shells, a considerable number forming the nucleus of a single 


102 


concretion. 


RECONNAISSANCE FROM CARROLL, MONTANA, 


It is to be noticed that these fossils, as a rule, are not clustered together in the center 


of the concretion, but lie in a single layer; and it is not uncommon to see this layer continued in 


gz. 4. 


Fig. 


“aN suog 


j 069 


“YT Linossyy 


104.09 


WD PIO) 'T 


099 | 


4D pay0049 boa7 


“1D OPI xogy 


Course from Carroll to Box Elder Creek S. 55° W.; 


Profile Section from Carroll to Cone Butte, Judith Mountains. 
rom Box Elder Creek to Cone Butte S. 30° W. Distance direst ebout 40 miles. 


/ 


line from one concretion to the others lying immediately adjoining 
it. This fact indicates the relation in point of time between the 
deposit of the shells and the formation of the coneretions. 


The most common fossil in this association, and one Which is 
met with almost everywhere on the prairie, is the Baculites ovatus, 
Say. These remains are often called “ fossil fish”, “ fossil ferns”, 
&e., by the white inhabitants of that section of the Territory; and, as 
they are so well known and so often spoken of, it may not be amiss 
to make a remark in regard to them for the benefit of the unscientific. 
They are not fish-skeletons, but are simply the shell of an animal 
somewhat allied to the present Nautilus, but having the shell straight 
and tapering instead of curved in a spiral. The delicate lines on 
the shell show the divisional walls, or septa, of the successive cham- 
bers in the shell. 

During a delay of a day at Crooked Creek, we were enabled to 
follow along the dry bed of the stream for several miles. This bed 
is filled with alluvial deposits of the black clay deposited by the 
stream, and through which it has again washed out its path, leaving 
steep walls three feet or more in height. The banks on either side 
show evidence of having been washed over, looking white, and a little 
sandy, and with the drift-pebbles collected in large numbers. Here 
and there the Cretaceous clays are exposed in high bluffs on either 
side of the creek-valley. These bluffs have sometimes a height of 
50 to 75 feet above the stream-bed. The clays are not to be dis- 
tinguished from those forming the immediate banks of the Missouri. 
They are blue-black or slate-colored, shaly, the layers being very 
distinct and everywhere characterized by the concretions. The 
layers of the clay are pretty uniformly horizontal, though an occa- 
sional slight dip is to be observed. At one point, we noticed a very 
low synclinal fold followed by a fault; the strata being displaced 
some 15 or 20 feet. This and other similar disturbances observed in 
this neighborhood we decided were undoubtedly local, being due to 
slips in the loosely-laminated clays, through the influence of run- 
ning waters. Many similar disturbances were observed along the 
river which were obviously due to a similar cause (See p. 125). 

From Crooked Creek, the road runs on nearly southwest, rising 
slightly till a point some few miles from Box Elder Creek is reached, 
when there is a more sudden rise of 50 feet up to a plateau, which 
on top, is very level, and the northern edge of which can be dis- 
tinetly seen extending some distance in both directions. 

The following cut (fig. 4) gives an ideal section* from Cone Butte 
to the Missouri along the line of the road, as obtained from measure- 
ments made by an aneroid. It is to be observed that the line runs 
obliquely, making the distance somewhat farther than in a direct 
line, as will be seen by reference to the map. 

The highest point at which the undisturbed Fort Pierre Group 
was observed was 1,060 feet above the river; and deposits of this 
age were seen at various points along the Helena road until Cam 2 
Lewis was reached. The last point at which they were noticed wa 


near the crossing of War tm Spring Creek, south of the Moccasin Mountains. 


s The vertical ‘distances are increased nine times to admit of being brought within tho limits of the page. The 


horizontal scale is (as on the map) 6 miles to the inch; the vertical scale is } mile (3,520 feet) to the inch. 


TO YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK. 103 


The rise of the land continues until we reach Box Elder Valley, where the high plateau is seen 
extending east and west, and here a descent of 80 feet is made to the level of the stream. 

Box Elder Creek takes its rise in the Judith Mountains, and, after a northerly course of about 
seven miles, turns easterly and then southeasterly, finally reaching the Musselshell River. At the 
stage-station, where we camped for several days, its course is nearly east and west. Itis a running 
stream and furnishes fair water. Our delay at this point gave us an opportunity to explore to 
some extent the Judith Mountains. 

In the neighborhood of Box Elder, we pass from the Fort Pierre clays, Cretaceous No. 4 of 
Hayden, to the sandstones of the Fox Hills Group, or Cretaceous No. 5, overlying them. Ata 
locality lying nearly south of Box Elder station and distant from it about a mile, we observed a 
ledge of sandstone containing some tolerably-preserved shells. The rock is a yellow ferruginous 
sandstone in rather thin beds, but quite firm. Occasional calcareous layers contain fossils similar 
to those in the sandstone, but much better preserved. The thickness of this yellow fossil-bearing 
sandstone is small; and beneath it is a friable white sandstone, easily rubbed into powder with the 
fingers. The dip of the exposed strata is slight, toward the northeast. The fossils found at this 


locality are as follows : 
1. Sanguinolaria oblata, Whitf. (n. sp.). 


2. Liopistha (Cymella) undulata, M. & H. 
3. Tellina isomma, Meek. 
4. Tellina scitula, M. & H. 
5. Mactra warreniana, M. & H. 
6. Mactra maia, Whitt. (n. sp.). 
7. Tapes montanensis, Whitf. (n. sp.). 
8. Ostrea congesta, Con.???. 
9. Lunatia concinna, H. & M. 
10. Inoceramus, sp. 
11. Fusus Galpinianus, M. & H. 
Sandstones of a similar character to that mentioned may be seen at a variety of points where 
the excavation of the deep coulées has laid bare the rock beneath. One striking locality was visited 
some four miles east of the station, where, on the east bank of a deeply-cut coulée, the sandstone 
is exposed at a height of 200 feet above the creek-bottom. 
The section was as follows: 
Two feet of a white sandstone, in thin layers ; 
Thirty feet of a white, soft, thickly-laminated sandstone, underlaid by an uncertain thickness of 
rasty-yellow sand-rock. 
No fossils were found here, though they were searched for with care. 


JUDITH MOUNTAINS. 


Our examination of the Judith Mountains was hasty and incomplete, owing to lack of time at 
this point; and our movements were still further embarrassed by the necessity of taking some pre- 
cautions against the hostile Sioux, known to be in the vicinity at the time. 

The following cut (fig. 5) will give some idea of the extent and bearings of the Judith Mountains, 


Tie. 5. prox Bidet 


( 4a 


b ye Cone Butte 
IE 


wily 


SS 5 ge 
: Ewes 


ae 


‘ \ 
4 Sn, oe 


wwe 
Pays 


igs na), 
11g SyWO Sn 


104 RECONNAISSANCE FROM CARROLL, MONTANA, 


although it makes no pretensions to topographical accuracy. The few bearings which were taken 
from Cone Butte are indicated: It is to be noticed that these mountains do not lie north and south 
on the east bank of the Judith River, where they are generally represented on the maps of this 
region. On the contrary, their trend is essentially east and west, so that the axis of the range lies 
almost at right angles with the course of the river. The general appearance of the range as viewed 
from a point to the northeast is shown in figure 6. 


Fig. 6. 
a eT, BA soa ee 
; Pipa Ze a SR 


Fae pS 


Black Butte. Cone Butte. 


In the neighborhood of Box Elder, we pass, as has been stated, from the Fort Pierre clays to 
the sandstones of the Fox Hills Group overlying them. The rocks of this group extend widely east 
and west from this point, and from the hills which slope up to the foot of the Judith Mountains. 

Near Box Elder station, the sandstone shows itself nearly on the level of the stream at a point 
hardly a mile distant from it to the south. This is the locality where the fossils above mentioned 
were found. From this point, in approaching the hills, we took a course nearly south up a coulée, 
then dry, but which had been deeply excavated by running water, and which in the spring is no 
doubt a considerable tributary of Box Elder Creek. The eastern bank of this coulée is quite high 
above the bed, perhaps 200 feet, and all the way has a very uniform slope up to the mountains. 
On the west side the terrace is quite low, but has also the same gradual slope upward; the surface 
being for the most part remarkably level. The slope is about 50 feet to the mile. The sandstone 
of No. 5 is seen at a number of points, both in the bed of the coulée and above in the high eastern 
bank just referred to. The slope upward on the east continues until within a mile or so of Cone 
Butte, where the sandstone strata are more upturned and the surface of the hill is more broken. 
Close to Cone Butte, at its foot (at ¢, fig. 5), we observed the sandstone, elevated 750 to 800 feet 
above Box Elder. It was here whitish, compact, weathering out into peculiar forms, with irregu- 
lar layers of ferruginous sand; dip, 10°; strike north 80° west. 

The thickness here, as elsewhere, is difficult to estimate, because of the insufficient exposure. 
It must be two or three hundred feet, or perhaps more. It may be mentioned here that the hills 
and terraces are so much covered with grass and soil that exposures of rock are rare. Below this 
point (at b, see map) is an exposure of blue laminated clays, with abundant concretions, probably 
the Fort Pierre Group again, though here 600 feet above the highest exposure observed below, and 
400 feet above the sandstone identified as No.5 (a, on map). The elevation is due to the upturn- 
ing of the mountains, involving both members of the Cretaceous alike. 

From here we made the ascent of Cone Butte. The immediate foot-hills, and indeed those at 
some distance from the peak, are made up of the talus from the mountain as far as the surface- 
exposure goes. Loose blocks of the trachyte, which forms the mass of the mountain, have been 
spread over the surrounding country to a remarkable extent, and the smaller fragments were found 
abundantly within a mile or two of Crooked Creek; that is, having crossed Box Elder Valley, 
Cone Butte is, as has been intimated, a trachytic hill, and according to the readings of our aneroid 
it is 2,200 feet above Box Elder, and 3,400 above the Missouri River. This is about the average 
height of what are called the Judith Mountains, though there are several points which are probably 
a little higher. 

The summit of Cone Butte commands an extensive view over the prairies to the north. The 
Little Rocky Mountains and the Bear’s Paw Mountains, though far in the distance, are the most 
conspicuous points to be noticed. Its commanding position is well appreciated by the Indians 
who use it as a lookout, for which it is most conveniently situated. A shelter which we found on 
the summit, formed of large flat blocks of trachyte resting upon the spreading branches of a stunted 
pine-tree, had doubtless been used as a resting-place by many an Indian scout. 

Cone Butte is itself a conspicuous object from all the surrounding country, even as far north 
as the Little Rocky Mountains; its perfectly conical shape being very striking from any point on 
the Carroll road. Viewed from the west, the sides of the cone are broken, and not so symmetrical 
as shown in figure 6. The slopes are covered with loose blocks of trachyte, and at some points are 


TO YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK. 105 


precipitous. The angle of the cone is about 40° or 41°; indeed, it is so steep, and the loose blocks 
of trachyte furnish so insecure a foot-hold, that, were it not for the trails made by the mountain- 
sheep ascending and descending, it would be no easy task to climb it from the west side. 

The mineralogical character of this trachyte deserves to be described a little in detail, as it 
may be taken as a type of the variety which occurs most widely in these mountains. It is in gen- 
eral of uniform texture, hard and firm, though occasionally showing minute cavities containing 
quartz crystals as a secondary product. It breaks on weathering into the large thin slabs which 
cover the sides of Cone Butte. The main constituent of the rock is a triclinic feldspar, as revealed 
by a thin section under the microscope, though occasional crystals of orthoclase of greater size may 
be observed. Hornblende follows next in order, the crystals being very distinct; and, further than 
this, magnetite plays an important rdle—this is distributed more generally than is common in 
similar rocks, and is seen by the microscope as extremely minute grains, whose metallic character 
is revealed only in reflected light. These particles of magnetite have suffered alteration to a 
considerable extent, and the feldspar is often stained red and yellow in a ring about them by the 
oxidized iron. It is to this alteration that the peculiar red color of the talus on the sides of the hills, 
as seen from a distance, is undoubtedly due. A critical examination shows that.a little quartz is 
also present; but, as it was often otherwise noted in minute cavities, it may be questioned whether 
it is not merely a secondary product. 

The descent from Cone Butte was made by way of the deep ravine which separates it from the 
trachytic hills to the south. The white trachyte is carried down nearly to the gap, where (see 
fig. 7) we passed a transverse dike, east and west in direction, of a hard green trachyte, with a 
cubical fracture breaking into large angular blocks, in striking contrast with the loose slabs of the 
other trachyte which cover the slopes of Cone Butte. This is probably a later dike, subsequent to 
the formation of the other hills. This trachyte, as well as that of Cone Butte, was found in frag- 
ments abundantly over the prairie, even to a distance of fifteen miles from the mountains. It is 
characterized by large crystals of a glassy orthoclase, which give it a porphyritic structure. Under 
the microscope, these crystals are found to be more or less clouded, in consequence of incipient 
alteration: this is also shown by the indistinct colors obtained in polarized light. Accompanying 
the large crystals of orthoclase are smaller thin-bladed crystals inlarge numbers. The other essen- 
tial constituent is the hornblende, which is seen in simple distinct prisms: it has a deep-green 
color, and is strongly dichroic. No quartz was observed. The most interesting feature of the rock 


is the green base, which, under a low magnifying power, seems to be without structure, but, when 
magnified highly, is resolved into countless minute, acicular crystals, jumbled together in a con- 
14 Ww 


‘ 


106 RECONNAISSANCE FROM CARROLL, MONTANA, 


fused mass. They show very little colorin polarized light. They may be zeolitic; but a chemical 
analysis, which the circumstances do not now admit of, would be required to settle the point. 

In the ravine spoken of, 355 feet below the summit of Cone Butte, we were surprised to find a 
series of slates and sandstones. The cut (Fig. 7) will give some idea of the relations of the rocks, 
it being a sketch taken from a point below to the west. The total width of the gap is about 70 
yards; the trachyte rising abruptly on both sides. The trachyte of the hill to the south is quite 
similar to that of Cone Butte. The section in the gap is as follows: 


Coarse ferruginous sandstone, vertical --..-...........---+-.----«- sie eters 3 feet. 
Minevblue shales vVerbi Ga cei. 2 cata. < apse ie iol eee oar merece sree ttt ake eee tee 20 feet: 
Slate, sometimes shaly, sometimes a good slate, and very sandy, in layers; color 

Tis Hoel wollor wings clijey WOO SOREN 55 socadeq saeco deuabodnes a6onuaccCe 180 to 200 feet. 


The strike of these slates is east and west. 

The age of these rocks is uncertain, as the only fossils found in them were some eycloidal fish- 
scales, with occasional impressions of fish-vertebrze and spines, which were quite numerous in some 
layers in the slate. It is hardly to be doubted, however, that they are Cretaceous; and the position 
of some rocks, also containing fish-scales and probably identical with these, observed at another 
point, as noted below, suggests that they are probably Upper Cretaceous, perhaps No. 5. 

The present position of these slates is very remarkable: they lie far above (about 600 feet) 
the rocks visible in the hills below, and doubtless owe their elevation to the eruption of the 
trachyte, having been squeezed up between the two great masses of igneous rock. They show 
little trace of the influence of heat upon them. 

The hills to the south and east, forming the eastern extremity of the Judith Mountains, are, as 
far as observed, trachyte. Black Butte, or Buffalo Heart Mountain, was not visited ; but its posi- 
tion and similar appearance show that it is also eruptive, probably exclusively so. The sand- 
stones dip away from it even more distinctly than from Cone Butte. It may be remarked here 
that the trachytic hills are very distinctly marked in appearance, and may be recognized with 
certainty even at a considerable distance. Their sides are covered with the loose blocks of the 
rock, and have a distinct reddish color, due to the oxidation of the iron which exists in considerable 
quantities in the trachyte (see description), which is quite conspicuous and characteristic. 

West of Cone Butte (see e, fig. 5), there is a break in the hills, and a low pass called “ Ross’s 
Cut-off” gives passage to frequent Indian parties. It is free from timber, and of gradual slope, so 
that upon one occasion wagons were brought through without serious trouble. It is from this low 
pass that Box Elder takes its rise. 

In this gap, the observations made were unimportant; the rocks being mostly covered up with 
soiland grass. It was interesting, however, to note that the even, gradual slope of the terrace 
before mentioned extends quite into the pass, with the same character well preserved. At e, (Fig. 
5,) just on the edge of the hills whichrise on the west side of the gap, a series of black shales were ob- 
served, vertical, and with a strike nearly north and south. These hills at g and to the south are all 
trachyte. We crossed them at one point, dragging our horses over the loose talus, much to their 
and our own discomfort, and found the height a little less than that of Cone Butte. On their west- 
ern side, the trachyte shows itself in a series of columns, which are very regular and well formed; 
much more so than is common in this rock. This trachyte differs somewhat from the others 
described in the larger proportion of hornblende present. As before, the orthoclase appears in 
distinet crystals of large size, and the triclinic feldspar in thin-bladed fragments. The whole has 
a pasty base. A little valley, in which rises a small stream of cool water, lies just to the west, and 
on the other side is a high limestone hill (at h), the only exposure of the older sedimentary rocks 
which we met with in this part of the hills. ' 

This limestone rises in a series of sharp ridges, very distinct, and seen from a distance as a 
number of white lines running up the sides of the hills. It dips 50° northeast; the strike being 
northwest. The upper layers are white, semi-crystalline, and very profuse in flinty fragments. 
These are exposed by the weathering, and, on the surface, the rock has quite a coralline aspect. 
Lower layers are firmer, blue, and also cherty, though not to the same extent as those above. A 
very careful search showed that fossils were very rare, though a few were found, enough to deter- 


TO YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK. 107 


mine the age of the rock to be Carboniferous. The following is a list of the fossils obtained at this 
int: 
Say 1. Crinoidal remains too indistinct to be identified. 
2. Terebratula or Oryptonella. 
3. Spirifera (Martinia) lineata, Martin. 
4, Spirifera centronata, Winch. 
5. Orthoceras???, possibly filling of outer chamber. 

Spirifera centronata, Winch., was the most abundant and characteristic form noticed here. 

The thickness of these limestone beds must be very considerable; at least 300 or 400 feet were 
seen on this side of the hill, but as we were unable to foliow them farther, we cannot venture to 
estimate their whole extent. This limestone is intersected at one point by a ridge of hard trachyte. 
On the other side of the little creek valley, the limestone also appears, containing here only a 
few imperfect crinoidal stems. Here it is apparently overlaid by a sandstone which has all the 
appearance of dipping under the hill, or, in other words, is overlaid by the trachyte. The outlying 
hill, f, is made up of sandstone, or a sandy slate; its summit is 1,200 feet above Box Elder, and hence 
a thousand feet lower than the adjoining trachytic hill. The observed thickness of this slate is 200 
feet; dip 10° a little east of north, and strike nearly east and west. It can hardly be conformable 
to the limestone described; but the eruption of the trachyte, which doubtless accompanied the 
elevation of the mountains, has very much complicated the relations of the beds.. 

This slate contained large numbers of poorly-preserved fish-scales, which would seem to show 
its probable identity with the elevated slates in the ravine behind Cone Butte. Further than this, 
its position seems to suggest that it may be nearly parallel with the sandstones near Cone Butte, 
which are, as has been stated, Upper Cretaceous. No trace was seen at this point of any rocks 
between the Cretaceous and the Carboniferous limestone. 


FROM BOX ELDER TO CAMP LEWIS. 


The road from Box Elder to Camp Lewis follows along the foot of the mountains, but at such 
a distance from them that very few observations could be made. The character of the country is 
much better than that nearer the Missouri, but cannot be very highly praised. The Judith Mount- 
ains give rise to several running streams, which occupy wide valleys, and the region seems well 
adapted for stock-raising. Near Armell’s Creek, a mile to the north of the road-crossing, gray clays 
are conspicuous, forming high bluffs with perpendicular faces, quite different from anything seen 
near Crooked Creek. This exposure was visited later, on the way to the mouth of the Judith ~ 
River, but yielded no fossils, and its age is therefore uncertain. It is probably, however, near the 
top of the Cretaceous. 

Our road approached quite near the mountains at Bald Butte (see m on map), and here,and at 
several points beyond, we observed a considerable thickness of a soft white sandstone, fine-grained 
and even-textured, but without fossils. It is in very thick beds, and weathers out in vertical walls, 
taking fantastic shapes, which are like those of the “Quader Sandstein” of the Saxon Switzer- 
land. This is undoubtedly Upper Cretaceous. From this point, the road bears away from the hills 
again, crossing the divide between the Musselshell and Judith Rivers, and passing between the 
Judith and Moccasin Mountains. As has been before remarked, the dark clays of the Fort Pierre 
Group are seen again south of the Moccasin Mountains and just before reaching Warm Spring 
Creek. At this point, there was a considerable exposure of these beds, and, although no fossils 
were collected here, the characteristic features of the deposit were unmistakable. Farther on, a 
cut bank on the creek gave the following section: 

Wellowselaysy somewhat sandy sajar ssaso Sites tome eld Ssesmictets weielae stateless 20 feet. 
Biardberawishabys Clay siseeme tacts sists Ge tetiarsnine cidteuthe wetareciate s weeds. sie 20 feet. 

These beds had a very slight dip a little east of north. 

The Moccasin Mountains we were unable to visit; but their appearance, as viewed from vari- 
ous points on the road, and again from the northeast, indicated that, like the Judith Mountains, 
they are largely trachytie. 

Camp Lewis is situated on Trout Creek, or Big Spring Branch, as it is sometimes called, which 


. 


108 RECONNAISSANCE FROM CARROLL, MONTANA, 


is the largest branch of the Judith River. This is a wide stream of clear, very cold, water, which 
takes its rise in a spring about five miles from where the camp is situated. The immediate valley 
of the stream is covered with excelient grass, and when the country becomes safe from the incur- 
sions of hostile Indians—far from being the case at present—it must prove of high value for 
settlement. 

About Camp Lewis there are considerable deposits of red clay. This is the case on both sides 
of the stream, but most conspicuously on the east bank, where the bluffs for a considerable dis- 
tance are of a deep-red color. It is rare to find any exposures of the beds which give rise to these 
red slopes. In general, they are so washed down that only the red surface-deposits are seen. In 
some ravines, however, on the east bank of Trout Creek, we found the hardened red clays in place. 
No fossils could be discovered, though they were searched for with care. These beds seemed to be 
somewhat irregular and of rather local character. In the place where opportunities for observa- 
tion were most favorable, we found 10 feet of red laminated clay, underlaid by a gray shale and 
overlaid by a sandy slate of a brown color. A little farther north, other layers of sandstone were 
observed, and beneath these some very thick bedded sandstone deposits ; the red clays running 
out entirely. There was nothing to settle positively the age of these deposits. Except in color, 
they do not resemble the “red beds” of the West, generally referred to the Triassic; and as 
similar deposits were seen on the slopes of the Snow Mountains, twenty-five miles distant, overlying 
sandstones containing Cretaceous fossils (the same was true elsewhere), as noted later, it is more 
than probable that they are all Cretaceous in this vicinity. From this point, on our return journey, 
we made a detour and crossed the west end of the Judith Mountains; and, as we have just stated ~ 
our observations in the neighborhood of Cone Butte, it may be interesting to add the others in this 
place. 

Passing on from the red beds just mentioned, we crossed a low divide, and came down into 
the wide valley of a branch of Trout Creek, passing over some more red clays at a little higher 
level than those seen before. From here, our course was about north; our objective point being 
some white limestone bluffs conspicuous on the summit of the range. The foot-hills first passed 
over consisted, as indicated by one or two rock-exposures, of a brown, firm sandstone, in which no 
fossils were found. It had a dip of 20° away from the hills. These hills, in both directions, are 
covered with timber and grass, and the rock is rarely seen on the surface. 

The limestone bluffs (J, fig. 5) were reached without much clue to the structure of the inter- 
vening country having been gained. This limestone stands up in a series of high buttresses, which, 
with their vertical fronts, are quite conspicuous objects. They show no evidence of stratification 
or structure. The rock contains occasionally masses of flint, though they are not so conspicu. 
ously cherty as those seen near Cone Butte. Some few fossils show that the rock is of Carboniferous 
age. 

The following is a list of those obtained : 

1. Zaphrentis centralis, Ev. & Shum. 

2. Syringapora mult-attenuata, McChes. 
3. Stictopora, sp. 

4, Spirifera centronata, Winch. 

On the hill to the west of this, a broad band of stratified limestone is exposed, in which some 
similar fossils were found. This same band apparently appears again on the north side of the hill, 
but here with a changed dip, northwest instead of southwest, pointing to a fold over at this point. 

We crossed the higher ridge here, from which we could see off to the east, noting, as before, 
that the hills to the north are mostly trachyte, while those behind them to the south are as uni- 
formly limestone. Near the source of Deer Creek, we descended into a broad, green meadow, quite 
surrounded by the hills. At one point, a patch of bright-red soil suggested a return to the red 
clays before seen. Crossing over by Bald Butte, a hill of trachyte, we reached the road again. 
The excursion was not altogether a satisfactory one, though showing the presence of the limestone 
at this point, but, as an investigation into the further structure of the hills, it was not successful. 
The difficulty lies in the fact that the hills are principally of igneous origin, and the thrusting in of 
the trachyte between the sedimentary rocks has destroyed the regular succession in the strata 


TO YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK. 109 


which would otherwise exist. Further than this, while the trachytic hills are mostly bare and 
rocky, the other hills are, with the exception of the occasional sharp ridges of limestone, covered 
with grass and timber, so that little can be seen by one who must hurry on and make few stops. 
Probably two-thirds of the area of the hills is covered with trachyte, of which that found at Cone 
Butte may be taken as the type. 


CAMP LEWIS TO THE JUDITH GAP. 


From Camp Lewis, the road passes on thirty miles to the Judith Gap, crossing a portion of the 
country which has some promise of becoming valuable in time. Quite a number of running streams 
pass through it, of which Cottonwood Creek, Little Trout Creek, and Buffalo Creek are the most 
important. The latter becomes dry late in the season. Little Trout Creek is famous for the num- 
ber and beauty of the trout which it contains. In the immediate vicinity of the streams, the grass 
is excellent; but, on the higher prairie, it is rather thin. The streams flow fresh and cold from the 
neighboring Snow Mountains, and could doubtless be used extensively in irrigation. This Judith 
Basin is a region that has been highly spoken of, and it will no doubt in time furnish farms for 
hundreds of settlers. 

Very little opportunity for geological work is afforded over this portion of the route; for the 
prairie is much of it almost level, sloping away to the northwest to the Judith River, and giving 
no exposures of the underlying rocks. Considerable surface-drift is found here, which is entirely 
local, consisting, for the most part, of pebbles and masses of a blue limestone, some of them con- 
taining Carboniferous fossils. The source of this limestone is to be found in the Snow Mountains, 
whcih rise ten or twelve miles to the east, and from which it has been very abundantly carried off. 

A short distance before reaching Ross’s Fork, a bluff was examined, ofa black shale, containin g 
many reddish iron concretions, but no fossils; and a little farther on, to the left of the road, were 
seen some washed exposures of light-gray shales, also without fossils. Not far beyond, the soil 
becomes red again; and, for a distance of several miles up to the Judith Gap, the presence of beds 
of red clay is indicated. Associated with them was a limestone, impure and knotty, with many 
veins of calcite. These red-clay beds appear also at the foot of the Snow Mountains, and, as has 
been said, also at the foot-slopes of the western end of the Judith Mountains. Their thickness seems 
to be small. They appear to belong to the Cretaceous, which doubtless extends under the grassy 
prairie from Camp Lewis to the Judith Gap. 


SNOW MOUNTAINS. 


From Buffalo Creek, ten miles before reaching the Judith Gap (that is, north of it), we made a 
short detour, to examine the west end of the Snow Mountains. This range extends in an approxi- 
mately east and west direction for a distance of some twenty miles. It is low, like all the other 
minor ranges. The average height can hardly be more than 2,000 feet above the surrounding 
prairie. Buffalo Creek takes its rise in the north side of the west end of the range. Following up 
the stream for a mile and a half from where the road crosses it, we found some outcrops of sand- 
stone, with indistinct vegetable remains, undoubtedly Upper Cretaceous. A little farther—this on 
the north side—on the hill-tops, there was a gray sandstone, and below it, on the hill-side, a sand- 
stone of a deep yellow color. Both of these broke into irregular, wavy fragments. Dip 10° west- 
erly; strike north 20° east. These, which are in thickness perhaps 60 feet, are probably Upper 
Cretaceous. ; 

On the opposite (south) side of the stream appears a thinly-laminated sandstone, with a south- 
westerly dip of 10°, but a strike north 30° west. Beneath this followed the slopes of red soil, 
pointing to the presence of thin beds of clay beneath, like those at Camp Lewis. Following and 
underlying this was a firm, thick sandstone, breaking into massive slabs, which covered the top 
and sides of the hill, giving it much the appearance of having been paved ; the strike was as before. 
Beyond, also south of the creek, a Hard, gritty sandstone was noticed, with layers containing a large 
number of poorly-preserved shells. These were not specifically recognizable, but have been iden- 
tified as Cretaceous by Mr. Whitfield. Beneath this was what seemed to be a second deposit of the 
red-clay beds. These last are visible, though not so distinctly, on the opposite side of the creek, 


110 RECONNAISSANCE FROM CARROLL, MONTANA, 


where they are followed by about 5 feet of a firm limestone, and that by a considerable thickness 
of green and black shales, which last may be traced for a short distance on both sides of the stream. 
It is to be noticed that the strike and hence the dip of similar layers on both sides of the stream is 
quite different; and, though further study is needed to make out all the facts, we think it can hardly 
be doubted that at this western end of the mountains there is a distinct fold; the axis probably 
running a little north of west. ; 

Continuing up to the source of the stream, we found the limestone here with a very slight dip 
to the northwest; strike northeast. The final point which we reached was a little caiion, with high 
and bold limestone walls, from which we obtained a few not very perfect Carboniferous fossils, viz): 

1. Zaphrentis centralis (?), Ev. & Shum. 
2. Streptorhynchus Keokuk, H. 

3. Spirifera centronata, Winch. 

4, Stictopora, sp. 

To reach these Carboniferous rocks, we had doubtless passed over in succession the Cretaceous 
rocks, having perhaps a thickness of 900 feet, and also the J urassic, if it exists here. We found no 
fossils belonging to this age, and doubt the existence of any considerable thickness of Jurassic beds. 
The limestone with the green and black shales noted above may possibly belong here. 

Leaving the ridge, we turned at right angles to it; that is, nearlynorth. Here we passed over, 
first, the limestone dipping northwest, then successive beds of sandstone with beds of red clay inter- 
stratified. Near the foot of the hill, a reversal of the dip occurs in the sandstones, pointing toa 
minor fold parallel to the general course of the range. No older rocks than the Carboniferous lime- 
stone were observed ; and from the numerous limestone pebbles containing Carboniferous fossils, 
picked up at different points along the sides of the mountains, it is safe to conclude that the range, 
as a whole, is made up of Carboniferous limestone ; the younger rocks lying on its outer slopes. No 
evidence of any older rocks than the Carboniferous was noted ; certainly not of any crystalline rocks. 
The trachyte, so common in the neighboring J udith Mountains, seems to be almost or entirely 


absent. 
LITTLE BELT MOUNTAINS. 


The Judith Gap is the divide between the Judith and the Musselshell Rivers. At this point 
the Little Belt Mountains and the Snow Mountains approach one another quite closely. The 
former are quite an extended and somewhat irregular range, reaching for a long distance north and 
west. Of its general geology, we can say little, as we can speak only of a few widely-separated 
points where we were able to visit it. One of these points was the extremity of the range at the 
Judith Gap. Near the Gap, we have already spoken of finding, on the north side, beds of red 
clay, which are associated with a little limestone, and nearer the hills with an underlying sandstone. 
Crossing the hills, which form the extreme eastern end of the range, perhaps a mile west of the Gap, 
we found a bed of yellow sandstone, which contained Ostrea congesta, Con.; then, some distance up 
the slope, a limestone containing corals, and dipping in a northerly direction; then some thin layers 
of limestone containing Productus. 

The fossils’found here were as follows; the identification by Mr. Whitfield: 

1. Ostrea congesta, Con. 

2. Cyathophylloid coral. 

3. Campophyllum torquium, Owen ??. 

4, Spirifera centronata, Winch. 

5. Spirifera, sp. May possibly be Spiriferina Kentuckensis. 

6. Productus, sp. Resembles P. Wortheni, H.; but perhaps more nearly related to P. multi- 
striata, Meek. 

7. Schizodus, sp. Nearly or quite 8. Rossicus, (DeVern.,) M. & W. 

Here were seen 20 feet of green and black shales, dipping 50° northeast. From here, as we 
go up and across the hills, the strike gradually changes, and with it the dip, so that on the south 
side of the hill we haye strata dipping southeast instead of northeast. ‘The succession observed 
here is from below up: 

Limestone, dip 65° south, strike north 70° east..-..-..6---- see eer weer eee 2 feet. 
Red clays, with purple slates underlying it.....--. ...-0.-- 22s eee eee eee 10 feet. 


TO YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK. 111 


These beds bend around some 50°, so that in a vertical section they describe a quarter circle. 

The upper and central part of the hill consists of limestone, overlaid by a considerable thick- 
ness of slates and sandstones, dipping mostly east-southeast. The hill alluded to forms the 
extremity of this portion of the Little Belt Mountains. Farther along to the west, in the main 
range, is a limestone which has every appearance of dipping under all the rocks thus far men- 
tioned ; it probably corresponds to the firm limestone which forms the lower portion of the Carbon- 
iferous as developed in this region. The structure of this hill, thus imperfectly made out (a hasty 
run across it while the party was going round being all that circumstances admitted of), may be 
better understood upon the statement that it is an anticlinal fold; the axis pointing about north 
30° west, and somewhat elevated in this direction. The south side of the fold is apparently the 
steeper. 

JUDITH GAP TO THE MUSSELSHELL CANON. 


From the Judith Gap to the Musselshell Caiion, a distance of rather more than forty miles, 
the underlying rock belongs for the most part to the Upper Cretaceous; the only fossils found hav- 
ing been referred by Mr. Whitfield, as stated below, to No.5. This district is remarkable, perhaps 
more so than any other seen by us, for the deep and wide valleys which have been cut through the 
nearly horizontal rocks, and which lead away from the neighboring range, the Little Belt Mount- 
ains. There are now no streams running from the mountains, with the exception of Haymaker’s 
Creek near the Forks of the Musselshell, and yet the otherwise remarkably level prairie is broken 
by a number of striking ravines or valleys. These are all alike in that they show no evidence of 
any important action by recent running water, but, on the contrary, point to agencies which must 
have done their work in glacial times. The beds of these valleys, and also, though to a less 
extent, the prairie above them, are strewn with pebbles and masses of limestone, whose source is 
in the mountains, only a few miles distant. 

Three very conspicuous valleys, one of them a mile wide, with steep banks more than one 
hundred feet in height, are crossed before going twelve miles from the gap. Hopley’s Hole is by 
far the most remarkable of these. A section is given in the following cut (fig. 8). 


&s Fig. 8. 


Sandstone. 


150 ft. 


A Section across Hopley’s Hole. 


The width of the coulée at the top is about 1,000 yards. From the level of the prairie on 
either side, there is a steep plunge down; the total depth to the dry bed of the little stream being, 
according to aneroid measurements, 150 feet. On the west side, a second terrace of 50 feet in 
height is very distinct, while on the eastern slope a similar terrace, at about the same height, seems 
to be indicated; at present, however, there remains only a series of little conical hills all lying in 
a continuous line and presenting quite a peculiar appearance. This ravine is now dry, with the 
exception of a few springs of moderately good water on the westside. The water from these springs 
moistens the ground for a little distance about the point where they appear, but soon sinks out of 
sight. In the early part of the year, after the melting of the snow, more or less water evidently runs in 
the bed of the stream, which is dry in summer; but its erosive power is small, and there is nothing in 
the present relations which will explain the existence of such an extended valley. Hopley’s Hole is 
important to those who pass over this road, not only as furnishing one of the few sources of water in 
this part of the route, but also because along the eastern edge of the valley there is here and there a 
little timber; a few straggling pine-trees which have ventured out into the prairie from the adjoin- 
ing hills, and which show, by their appearance, that they have here a hard struggle for existence. 
The western slopes of this ravine, over which the limestone pebbles before menfioned are thickly 
scattered, are more gradual than the eastern ; and, while the former are covered with thin grass, the 
latter shows a line of exposure of the sandstone which underlies the level prairie here. The upper 


ii RECONNAISSANCE FROM CARROLL, MONTANA, 


part of this is yellow and quite ferruginous; that below whitish and a little shaly. It varies some- 
what at different points; in one place turning into a soft, dark-colored slate in very thin layers. 
The whole exposure may be 15 or 20 feet in thickness; the sandstone having a very slight south- 
easterly dip. No fossils could be found, and the rock seemed to be without any special character- 
istic features, with the exception of pipe-stem pieces of carbonate of lime, which were quite common. 
They occupied a vertical position, sometimes curving more or less, and were 6 to 15 inches in 
length ; possibly they were holes in the sand made by borers and subsequently filled up. 

West of Hopley’s Hole, the plain is nearly level for a long distance, broken only by one or two 
gullies. The general slope of the whole is very gradual to the south toward the Musselshell River 
and far beyond. In this direction, there is nothing to break the view, and the eye wanders unre- 
lieved over a vast range of dry, parched prairie, from which, at midday, the heated vapors arise, 
producing the illusive phenomena of the mirage. 

Haymaker’s Creek, twenty-five miles from the gap, offers another example of the extensive 
erosion which has taken place in this region. The stream at present carries very little water, and 
that quite strongly alkaline, especially late in the summer, at which time it barely moves at all. 
On the west side, the terrace is high and distinctly marked. It may be traced from the mountains 
to the Musselshell River with the same gradual slope noticed elsewhere; here also quite inde- 
pendent of the dip of the strata, which make a small angle with its upper surface. On the east 
side, the slope is very gradual; the final height not being attained for several miles. 

A short distance below the road-crossing, the sandstone is exposed. For the most part, it is 
a fine-grained rock of even texture, and of a light-bluish color, becoming yellow on exposure to the 
weather. Much of this lies in exceedingly thin, paper-like layers. There are also a few layers of 
a blue, impure limestone, and toward the top a bed of coarse sandstone, almost a conglomerate, 
containing some indistinct plant-remains, shells, and a few sharks’ teeth and vertebra, which show 
the beds to be Cretaceous No.5. The remains are too poorly preserved to be specifically identified. 
The genera are as follows: 

. Gryphea, sp. 

. Ostrea, sp. 

. Lamna, sp. (teeth). 

. Galeocerdo, sp. (teeth). 


Hm Oo bo eR 


The strata have a slight dip (5°) northerly; and a little to the north, where the thin-bedded 
sandstone only is visible, the beds are horizontal or dip slightly to the south. A mile or two far- 
ther, i. €., west, we meet several outcrops of a dark ocher-yellow sandstone, in which some pipe- 
stem calcareous fragments suggested those found at Hopley’s Hole. A few indistinct vegetable 
remains were also obtained, but nothing characteristic. The slight dip is reversed in a subsequent 
exposure, showing an extremely low fold, the meaning of which will be explained later. Fol- 
lowing these are a series of bluffs, sandstones, or sandy shales, some of which we were enabled to 
visit. None of them afforded us any fossils. Over these, we noticed a few washed exposures of 
white and cream-colored clays. 

These doubtless all belong to the Upper Cretaceous, though, in view of their very slight dip, it 
would require more time than we had at our disposal to make out their exact stratigraphical rela- 
tions. In general, it may be said of these sandstone bluffs that they are more tilted as we approach 
the mountains, and seem to owe their position to the forces which threw up this range of hills. 

On reaching the Forks of the Musselshell, we come into a more attractive region. From the 
Judith Gap to this point, the prairie is almost a desert, dry and parched, and the grass very thin- 
Both branches of the Musselshell River, however, are fine running streams, and at their union the 
alluvial country is wide and susceptible of profitable cultivation. Just before reaching the Forks, 
we passed a ranch where a system of irrigation had produced excellent agricultural results. 

From the Forks our road took us along the north branch of the Musselshell River, and two 
miles beyond we entered the Musselshell Cafion. The open country here is rough, and is charac- 
terized by many step-like ridges of sandstone, on one side steep, showing the edges of the strata, 
and on the other sloping off gradually, and covered over with grass. 


TO YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK. 113 


MUSSELSHELL CANON TO CAMP BAKER. 


The Musselshell Cafion divides the Little Belt Mountains from what is called the Elk Range. 
It isa narrow mountain-ravine, with steep hills on both sides, which sometimes approach very 
closely together, and again recede, giving room for a little strip of green meadow-land on the border 
of the stream. It is, throughout its length of eight miles, very picturesque, especially near the 
eastern end, where the abrupt walls and buttresses of white limestone contrast strongly with the 
dark-green foliage of the pines and spruces. All together, it was a most delightful relief from the 
parched alkaline prairie on which we had made our camps for the preceding fortnight. The waters 
of the stream are clear and cold, and abound in what is apparently a species of Coregonus. This 
fish rose readily to a fly, affording to some members of the party fair sport, and furnishing a very 
agreeable variety to the sameness of our daily fare. 

On leaving the open country and entering the caiion, we came abruptly upon the Carboniferous 
rocks. A band of red clay a few feet wide is quite conspicuous at its eastern opening, followed 
by several others less striking and quite narrow, all red or ocher-yellow. These are interstratified 
with a sandstone which contains great numbers of Ostrea congesta, Con., as identified by Mr. Whit- 
field. These dip west 50°. Immediately following these are successive layers of limestones and 
slates, and then several hundred feet of limestone. 

From the former beds the following fossils were obtained : 


. Bryozoan (undescribed). 

. Aulopora, or bases of Syringopora. 

. Zaphrentis centralis, Ey. & Shum. 

. Productus semireticulatus, Mart. 

Productus muricatus, N. & P. 

. Productus, sp., probably young of P. punctatus. 

. Productus, sp., approaches forms referred to P. Prattenanus. 
. Productus multistriatus, Meek. 

. Athyris, sp. 

. Pinna Ludlovi, Whitfield (n. sp.). 

The overlying limestone-beds all dip like the others, a little south of west, 50° to 60°. These 
limestones form a number of high vertical walls and isolated towers, which are worn out into a 
variety of fantastic forms which have already been alluded to. These are especially conspicuous 
on the north side of the stream, though similar walls are seen too on the other side in the line of 
the strike. This limestone is very cherty, the fragments of flint being numerous; and it is to their 
presence that the rock owes the peculiar forms in which it now appears. The walls show no evi- 
dence of structure or stratification. They abound in little cavities and holes, often partially 
filled with stalactitic masses of carbonate of lime, showing the extent to which the solvent action 
of water has worked upon them. 

A similar relation of the rocks was observed on the upper slopes of the Bridger Mountains ; 
that is, the series of bright-red indurated clays, with a little Cretaceous sandstone, followed by thin 
layers of limestone full of Carboniferous fossils, and then 500 feet or more of a firm cherty limestone, 
weathering out into walls showing no stratification and rarely containing fossils. The limestones are 
overlaid by (Jurassic and) Cretaceous and underlaid by Silurian. The similarity in the succession 
of the beds makes it quite certain that the underlying rocks at the entrance of the Musselshell 
Caiion are really the youngest, forming the upper part of the Carboniferous series, while the rocks 
which follow and overlie, apparently conformably, are older, and, in part at least, Lower Silurian. 

The later layers of the limestone, going west through the canon, have a somewhat different 
look from those seen farther to the east, being darker-colored and more uniform in appearance. 
Leaving the limestone, we passed over perhaps a quarter of a mile without finding any rock in 
place, though on the hill-slopes to the south masses of a hard, reddish quartzite indicate the pres- 
ence of this as a member of the series. The next exposure reached was an argillitic slate, with 
veins of quartz, also dipping westerly. The hills for a considerable distance are rounded and 
covered with grass, exposing no rocks within the limits that we were able to cover. 

The prevailing rock, as we continue up the caiion, following the course of this branch of the 

15 Ww ‘ 


= 
SSMADMAEF wn bh 


114 RECONNAISSANCE FROM CARROLL, MONTANA, 


Musselshell, is a clay-slate, of which there must be a very great thickness, interstratified with some 
sandstone-beds. The central portion of the range is trachyte, which is very abundant, forming a 
series of high hills and seriously interrupting our observations in the succession of the strata. 
Occasional outcrops of sedimentary rocks, principally slates and shales, appear; but as they 
contained no fossils, and as their succession was everywhere interrupted by the trachyte, their 
relations to what had preceded remain very uncertain. On the whole, the canon gives a very 
fair exposure of the successive rocks, and to one who could do more than take passing notes in 
riding through it would no doubt yield some important facts. 

Leaving the caiion, we emerge into an open rolling country, covered with grass, and with few 
exposures of the underlying rock. This, as far as could be observed, was a yellowish fragmentary 
slate, with occasional veins of quartz and calcite. A number of openings have been made by indi- 
viduals prospecting for metal, but only faint indications of copper were observed. At Copper- 
opolis, a mine has been sunk some 40° feet into this slate, and some very fair copper-ore and a little 
silver ore are being taken out. The mine is being worked on a very small scale indeed, only two 
men being engaged in it; but the ore obtained is sufficiently valuable to pay its way to the East, 
where (at Baltimore) it is smelted. 

Near this point we pass the divide, and descend rapidly to the valley of Deep Creek, leaving 
the Musselshell behind us, and striking waters that flow into the Missouri near Sun River; that is 
above Fort Benton. 

The valley of Deep Creek, though here somewhat narrow, becomes rapidly wider as we follow 
it down to Camp Baker. It is a fertile alluvial-plain, and is no doubt susceptible of successful and 
profitable cultivation. There is as yet, however, no market for cereals in the vicinity, and the 
grassy meadows are given up to large herds of cattle, which range at will over the valleys and 
foot-hills. Every settler owns some cattle and horses, and these require little or no care, even in 
winter. The inhabitants state that they cut no hay for the winter-consumption of their stock, nor 
do they build stables or shelters for them at that season. The animals are said to run out all 
winter and to keep fat on the standing hay. Montana beef has quite a reputation for excellence 
west of the Missouri, so that the raising of cattle is likely to prove the most profitable pursuit for 
the settler until railroads shall have supplied him with a market for other products. Deep Creek, 
like most of the streams in this neighborhood, abounds in delicious troutand grayling (Thymallus), 
both of which attain a large size, sometimes weighing three pounds and more. 

To our left, as we come down the valley of Deep Creek, we have the Elk Range high above us, 
the summits of which consist of trachyte. This has taken many curious forms, as pinnacles and 
towers, which rise above the timber, and give to the hills a very castellated appearance. An out- 
crop of purplish-red slate to the left of the road, and dipping 40° southerly, deserves to be mer- 
tioned, as its exact counterpart was seen at Camp Baker, sixteen miles distant, there overlying the 
Potsdam limestones. To the right, that is west, were a series of limestone ridges with masses of 
trachyte interstratified. These beds of trachyte have all the appearance of sedimentary rocks at 
a distance, so entirely do they conform to the uptilted beds of limestone. These latter have a dip 
of 40° to the southwest. They have the appearance of the Potsdam limestone beds just spoken of 
as occurring at Camp Baker, and since, if continuing, their strike would make them appear there, 
it is hardly to be doubted that they too are Silurian. 

The Sulphur Springs are about 17 miles from Copperopolis, and lie at the point where the road 
to Camp Baker turns at a sharp angle to the west. The springs have a temperature of 150° or 
thereabouts, and are strongly impregnated with sulphureted hydrogen. They are quite well known 
through the Territory, and are believed to have the beneficial effects generally ascribed to similar 
springs, and to be especially valuable in cases of rheumatism, a complaint very common among 
miners. Considering the vast trachytic upheaval which has taken place in that vicinity, the pres- 
ence of hot sulphur springs can hardly excite surprise. 

From the Sulphur Springs, the road continues west, at the foot of the Big Belt Mountains, cross- 
ing a wide grassy plain, which has an even, uniform slepe up to the edges of the hills. The stream, 
some ten miles from the springs, where Newland Creek joins it, runs through a gorge of por- 
phyritic trachyte with a distinct columnar structure. This rock borders the creek for some dis- 
tance, and the dike runs across the road, continuing on in a northerly direction. From here a 


TO YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK. Es 


march of seven miles took us to Camp Baker; the road passing along by bluffs of Miocene Tertiary, 
to be described later. 


CAMP BAKER. 


At Camp Baker, where we made a short stay, we were the recipients of most kind hospitalities 
from the officer at that time in command there, from whom also we received valuable informa- 
tion in regard to the surrounding country. During the time spent at this point, we were enabled to 
make an imperfect reconnaissance of the immediate vicinity. The descriptions given below may be 
better understood by reference to the following cut (fig. 9): 


Fig. 9. 


Miocene. 


(Yellow slates.) 


= 

un ——F | 2B lack shales. 
Y 5 Z i 
ar as Miocene. 
Se 
SS 
== 
Ss 

Simone eam 


>, 
Osdam, 


% te 


(Fellow slates.) 3 


Camp Baker lies in a broad plain, which is surrounded on all sides by mountains, of which the 
Big Belt to the south are the most conspicuous and highest. We are here on the eastern border 
of the mountain-region, which extends far to the westward. The valleys of Deep Creek and its 
tributaries are filled with deposits of Miocene Tertiary. These consist for the most part of homo- 
geneous cream-colored clays, so hard as to be with difficulty cut with a knife. The lower layers 
are generally more loose and homogeneous, while the upper beds are harder, firmer, and sometimes 
quite calcareous. Some of the upper beds are remarkable for the large number of white clay con- 
eretions which are found in them. 

The beds are horizontal, and rest unconformably on the somewhat upturned yellow and red 
slates below; the clays of which they are formed resemble closely those of the Miocene beds 
at Scott’s Bluffs near the North Platte River in Wyoming. The deposits at Camp Baker have 
been extensively denuded, and nowhere reach any very great thickness. At a point about three 
miles southeast of the post, some bluffs were noticed where the Miocene beds attained a thickness 
of 200 feet, and these were capped by 50 feet of Pliocene clays, both beds containing characteristic 
fossils. 

We saw the first exposures of these beds a few miles west of the Sulphur Springs, just after 
crossing the high ridge of trachyte before referred to, through which Deep Creek flows. From 
here, the lake. bed was traced continuously along Deep Creek for a distance of fifteen miles. Beds 
of the same character, containing fossils, were found on Spring Creek to the east, on White-tailed 
Deer Creek, about seven miles to the north of Camp Baker, as well as on Camas Creek to the south- 
west. On Camas Creek, the beds are exposed for a mile or more in bluffs ranging from 20 to 25 
feet in height. The exposures on White-tailed Deer Creek are much more extensive than those last 


116 RECONNAISSANCE FROM CARROLL, MONTANA, 


mentioned. Those on Camas Creek are in thick, rather indistinct, layers, and contain more or 
less bluish sand in irregular layers, and sometimes a little coarse gravel. Traces of this deposit, 
containing what appear to be remains of Rhinoceros, were also observed two miles or more south of 
Moss Agate Springs (to be referred to later), and at a considerable elevation above the creek-bed. 
With more time than we had at command, they could, no doubt, have been traced much farther, 
although in many places the beds. have been washed out, or have been covered by the later local 
drift. 

Tn the Miocene beds were found a species of Rhinoceros; several species of Oreodon, Leidy, and 
Eporeodon, Marsh; a canine tooth apparently of Hlotheriuwm, Pomel; and remains of Turtles. In 
the Pliocene beds, the principal fossils were a species apparently of Merychyus, Leidy ; remains of 
an equine smaller than the modern horse; and Pliocene Turtles. These fossils have not yet been 
carefully studied, and, for this reason, their relation to the remains found in the other lake-basins 
of similar age cannot here be stated. The line of separation between the Miocene and Pliocene 
beds is, in some places, well marked. It consists of about six feet of hard sands interstratified with 
layers of very small, water-worn pebbles, soldered together into a hard mass. Hach of these layers 
is about 6 inches in thickness. Immediately above these strata, the Pliocene fossils were found. 

It is known that in the neighborhood of Fort Shaw, and near Helena, Pliocene deposits exist; 
and near Fort Ellis, and in the valley of the Yellowstone, we saw, but were unable to examine, 
gray sands and marls, which Dr. Hayden refers to the same age. No Miocene beds, however, have 
been identified at any of these localities. It seems probable that, in Pliocene time at least, the 
Baker Lake may have extended north to the Missouri River, and perhaps up that stream to the 
“Three Forks”, thus connecting with the lake which existed near Fort Ellis. Indeed, it would 
seem that we just touched upon the southern edge of this basin, which may have extended far to 
the north and west. 

An interesting point in connection with these deposits is the fact that, with the exception 
of one deposit in Colorado, they are at a much greater elevation than any other beds of the same 
age now known on the continent. The elevation of the White River beds is about 3,000 feet, and 
that of the Oregon basin somewhat less; while that of the deposits near Camp Baker is over 
5,000 feet. 

On the east side of the plain on which Camp Baker stands, the Miocene has entirely disap- 
peared. It is to be noticed that these Tertiary beds were deposited after the elevation of the older 
rocks, and that most of the denudation now visible in these rocks must have been accomplished 
before the deposit of the Tertiary, as it is repeatedly seen filling the depressions and unevennesses 
in the slates, as also covering over the ridges of trachyte. Underlying the Tertiary, and tilted 
up at a small angle, appear a series of yellow slates and shales, which are quite generally distrib- 
uted in this region, though not seen elsewhere. They are seen generally as a fine-grained slaty 
rock, friable and weathering readily, so that exposures of the rock in place are rarely found. Ovca- 
sionally, there are observed in them immense black concretions of remarkable structure. In the 
interior, these consist mostly of a calcareous clay, very hard, and showing distinctly what is called 
the cone-in-cone structure. Outside of this, the lime is purer, though lying in concentric layers, 
and the exterior shell is made up of fibrous calcite half an inch in thickness. The clay cones 
radiate from the center of the concretions. 

The slates are destitute of fossils, and their age is only a matter for conjecture. The most 
remarkable feature connected with them is that they have, in spots, a bright brick-red color; 
thus, in riding over the country, a patch of intensely red-colored soil will be seen here and there, 
strongly suggestive of the burned lignite beds of the Missouri River. The slate has at such points 
the appearance of burned pottery; the material being harder and firmer than the surrounding rock. 
In some cases the red color was uniform in the rock; but generally it was distributed in successive 
bands, as though produced by the action of hot water. The red patches are quite local, and seldom 
cover more than a few square yards, though in one case they were seen extending along a range of 
hills for a hundred yards or more. That the effect produced has been caused by the action of heat 
cannot be questioned, though under what conditions no attempt is made to conjecture. As has 
been said, these shales and slates are tilted up unquestionably ; but their exact relations to the 
underlying rocks could not be made out without more opportunity for investigation than we had. 


TO YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK. aE ba 


The difficulty in settling the matter arose from the fact that the loose shale seldom showed its true 
position. 

We find this formation in the immediate vicinity of Camp Baker, both to the east, where it 
forms high hills 250 feet above the plain, also to the south and west, where it is intersected by some 
dikes of porphyry, and quite extensively below in the valley of Deep Creek, as well as along the 
valley of White-tailed Deer Creek. Its general distribution seems to conform to a certain extent 
to that of the Miocene Tertiary that is filling the valleys between the older rocks. 

The older rocks alluded to form the ranges of hills conspicuous about Camp Baker. Immedi- 
ately north of the post lies a range of hills, having an east and west trend, through which Deep 
River takes its course by means of a cafion, which gives an excellent section of the rocks of which 
the hills are composed. The rocks all dip south, and this dip continues the same for a mile or two 
to the north. South of the range alluded to, and close to the post, are several minor hills, and, at a 
distance, a series of others all singularly alike in appearance. The section of rocks alluded to is 
as follows: 


QUARTZ So aie ers ee oe tee wo eee oe aoe te bee eah eee ene eceas cee 20 feet. 
A series of colored shales, chiefly red, but also green and blue, with a bed 

of trachy tev Intersipaniniediss 0.2 vail. ce etnias cracls sere lols sitaltalcravae< 150 feet. 
DWOPELA SES Of MMEStONE surely mamreteres = attnts ols iera) aataletate ara et earere at cise nue ele 80 feet. 


These limestones show abrupt bluffs to the north, Bite dip southerly. In the northernmost of 
the ridges were found— 
1. Orepicephalus (Loganellus) montanensis, Whitf. (n. sp.) ; 
2. Obolella, sp.? ; 
identifying the formation as Potsdam, according to Mr. Whitfield. Following this is a quartzite, 
which forms the south side of the hill alluded to. The section is continued through the cafion : 
quartzite 40 feet, firm and solid, with areddish tinge of color, breaking into massive blocks; under- 
neath is a Series of bright green slates, followed by a variety of clay-slates, mostly dark-colored, 
- with occasional beds of hard solid quartzite and some thin layers of limestone. After half a mile, 
the ridge is passed, and the stream comes out into the open country. The rocks, for a mile or two, 
however, are mostly the same in dip, and are conformable. They are chiefly dark blue shales. 
The appearance of the quartzite hills in this neighborhood is peculiar, as they all have a grad- 
ual slope to the south, but are nearly vertical toward the north, on which side there is at their foot 
a talus of large cubical blocks of quartzite. 
We were unfortunately not able to visit the Big Belt Mountains. 


CAMP BAKER TO FORT ELLIS. 


From Camp Baker, the party marched to Fort Ellis; the road for a short distance being the 
same as that before traveled. The road passes to the right of the Elk Range. Twenty miles from 
Camp Baker, we reached the extremity of this range. At this point, we passed immediately from 
the grassy meadow onto the older rocks. Here we found first a red shale similar to that at Camp 
Baker, and also to that observed higher up, four miles the other side of the Springs. This was fol- 
lowed by a heavy massive quartzite, a little reddish and very firm; and overlying this was a 
considerable thickness of limestone. This last is well exposed just above Moss Agate Springs, and 
in some of the layers we found an abundance of fragments of Trilobites. The limestone is much of 
it very cherty, and in many places it formed the same abrupt and peculiar shapes noticed elsewhere. 
Just above Moss Agate, there is a little superficial synclinal fold in the limestone, the axis of which 
has an approximately northeasterly direction. Moss Agate Springs takes its name from the frag- 
ments of flint, chalcedony, and agate, which are common on the adjoining hills, and many of which, 
from the presence of the arborescent forms of psilomelane, are popularly called “moss agates”. 

These fragments of silica are evidently from the limestone, and are quite characteristic of it. 
Similar fragments of chalcedony, though without the moss effect, were found abundantly in some 
of the little hills just by Camp Baker. The limestone is evidently the same as that, as is moreover 
proved by its association with the quartzite and by the few fossils found in it; these were all of one 
species, a new Trilobite,—Arionellus tripunctatus, Whitf. (n. sp.). 


118 RECONNAISSANCE FROM CARROLL, MONTANA, 


The road from Moss Agate passes, it is true, more or less at the end of the kills, but at such 
a distance from them as to afford but little opportunity for observation. From a distance, it is 
observed to how great an extent the hills are made up of limestone, with the conspicuous trachytic 
prominences before mentioned. From the limestone, we pass immediately to a dark, somber sand, 
stone of granular texture and quite peculiar in appearance. This had a dip to the west, and con- 
tained some indistinct plant-remains. 

On our return journey, we found time to touch at the southeastern extremity of the same hills 
near the source of Flathead Creek, and here we passed directly from sandstones resembling the 
one spoken of to the limestone exactly similar to those so often observed at various points in this 
range. It agreed in all respects with the other exposures. <A few indistinct fossils were obtained 
from a loose block, which had evidently come from close at hand, and these show it to be Carbon- 
iferous. They were identified by Mr. Whitfield as Spirifera centronata, Winch. 

The country near the branch of Deep Creek on the south side of the Elk Range is attractive 
and covered with good grass, supporting large herds of cattle; but, after passing the low divide which 
separates the above-named stream, a tributary of the Missouri, from Shields River, a branch of the 
Yellowstone, a more or less decided change is observed. The prairie is here dry and barren, espe- 
cially to the south of Cottonwood Creek, and supports nothing but a thick growth of sage-brush. It 
is watered by several running streams beyond Sixteen-mile Creek, of which Cottonwood is one of 
the most important, in view of the fact that its banks are fringed with fine trees, from which 
it takes its name. 

As we approach Bridger’s Pass, the character of the country improves again, and the large 
numbers of cattle met with near this point indicate its capabilities in the way of grazing. Of the 
geological relations of this part of the road, we saw little on our way south. While returning, how- 
ever, our opportunities for observation were better, and the results are presented immediately below. 
Bridger Pass is a high mountain-divide, thickly wooded, and with the high limestone cliffs of the 
Bridger Mountains overhanging it on the west side. The scenery is fine, and the change from the 
bare prairie to the grateful shade of the wooded mountain-side is gladly welcomed by the traveler 
Geologically speaking, the prevailing rock is the dark sandstone described later, and known to 
belong to the Upper Cretaceous. The position of the strata is nearly vertical. An occasional dike 
of igneous rock was observed, and one of these was conspicuous on the north side of the pass. It 
consists of a greenish basalt in spherical nodules, separating in the fracture into successive thin 
slabs. High above the road,as we approach Fort Ellis, we noticed the horizontal strata of the 
Pliocene Tertiary, which, according to Hayden, extends far away toward the west. 

From Fort Ellis, the party extended their trip into the Yellowstone Park. We introduce here, 
however, the additional observations made on our return-trip through the country just mentioned. 


BRIDGER MOUNTAINS. 


On our return to Carroll from Fort Ellis, early in September, we encountered much trouble at 
first from the condition of the roads, which were almost impassable, owing to the unprecedented 
amount of rain that the country had recently received. We made use of the delay which this occa- 
sioned in the movements of the wagons, to make a little exploration of the Bridger Mountains, or 
East Gallatin Range, as it is sometimes called. These observations could not be extended beyond 
the east side of the range, and hence are only fragmentary. Considerable time was devoted to the 
same mountains by Dr. Hayden and his parties in 1871 and 1872, and reference may be made to his 
reports for those years for the facts observed by them. 

This range of mountains is especially conspicuous as viewed from the east side, rising up steeply 
from the deep and narrow valley, and terminating in a nearly perpendicular white wall, with a 
sharp knife-edge for its summit. We ascended the ridge from two points: first, September 4, from 
a point in the valley below, about six miles from Fort Ellis; and, again, September 5, from our 
camp, a short distance to the north side of the divide in the Bridger Pass. 

The rock of the valley, and indeed of the pass, as far as observed, is a sandstone of somber 
tints, gray, brownish, or greenish. The texture is generally granular and gritty, and the rock is 
more or less speckled with grains of quartz and feldspar. In general, it may be said to be a sand- 


TO YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK. TIS 


stone ma from poorly-assorted materials. It contains, in some layers, impressions, generally 
indistinct, of vegetable remains. It is referred, as a whole, to the “‘Coal Series”, by Dr. Hayden 5 
and he further estimates its thickness at 10,000 feet. This seems to us considerably to exceed the 
truth. We found the same series of sandstones extending in anumber of wide folds over the prairie 
to the north; and this would make it probable that even if there be a thickness of 10,000 feet of 
vertical strata belonging here, it has been formed by the pressing together of an anticlinal fold par- 
allel to the range of mountains. This is the more likely, as the strata of the beds all dip steeply, 
and are often overturned, the dip being reversed. 

Ascending the hills from the point first mentioned, somewhat north of the Bridger Peak, we 
passed for a long distance through the timber, crossing, here and there, little open parks and valleys, 
up to the foot of the range proper. Up to this point, we had seen but few exposures of rock, and 
those similar to the sandstone already described. The section observed from this point to the 
summit is as follows: Red earth and clay, with occasional masses of indurated red clay, seldom 
showing any stratification ; in all, 60 feet. Following this, and, in its present position, overlying, 
though, in fact, geologically, underlying it, is a thick-bedded sandstone, dipping 60° west; strike 
north 20° west. This rock was mostly yellow and ferruginous; its texture gritty, at times becom- 
ing a mass of coarse pebbles. Occasional layers were calcareous, and contained multitudes of indis- 
tinct Cretaceous shells (see list below). These often yielded to the weather, the rock becoming 
then rusty and cellular. The visible thickness of this deposit was 40 feet. Then, after a small 
interval, follows a firm, blue, compact limestone; the first layers containing a few Jurassic fossils, 
and those following the same in greater numbers (see list below). The thickness of this bed is 
about 60 feet. Following this is a sandy limestone; and then comes the Carboniferous limestone, 
which forms the remainder of the upper part of the hill for a distance of 700 or 800 feet, the total 
thickness of these strata being perhaps 500 feet. This limestone has the same massive and, on 
weathering, structureless character remarked elsewhere. Some layers seem to be a conglomerate 
of fragments cemented together by a calcareous paste. Thin layers of dark flint, two or more inches 
in thickness, are common, running irregularly through the limestone blocks, and also isolated masses 
of the same rock of greater or less size. At thesummit, the dip is 70° east. Fossils were not com- 
mon in this rock; those found were chiefly corals. Continuing along the narrow summit for some 
distance toward the north, all the time on the solid limestone, we found its dip varying consider- 
ably from east to west. On descending, a band of red clay was passed over at the foot of the com- 
pact limestone, and calcareous layers interstratified with it contained some Carboniferous fossils. 
The dip here was west. This is the same band noted on the succeeding day, and to be described 
farther on. In other respects, the return trip added nothing to what had been before observed. 

On the following day, the ridge was ascended again from a point some eight miles beyond; 
but it did not yield us the complete section of the rocks that we had hoped for. The approach to 
the mountains was, for the most part, of necessity through the timber; the rock appearing but 
seldom, and this the dark-colored sandstone before noted. What was observed here would not 
enable us to do more than guess at its total thickness. Emerging into the open ground, high up 
on the range, we came upon a high ledge of a very massive, coarse sandstone, or rather a conglom- 
erate. The strike was north and south, and the dip east 35°. The thickness actually exposed was 
small. Rising 500 feet from here, we found a series of limestone exposures mostly covered with grass: 
They yielded some Jurassic fossils, similar to those obtained the day before. The rock following 
was, aS before, a white, sandy limestone, sparkling in the sun, and without fossils; then appeared 
the Carboniferous limestones. 

The point we had now reached is conspicuous from all parts of the surrounding country, being 
marked by two lines of deep red, like bloody gashes, in the side of the mountain. These red bands, 
though narrow, may be traced along the east slope of the hills for a considerable distance north 
and south, and form quite a striking feature of the range. The lower bed, made up of an indurated 
red clay, was only 4 feet in thickness; but the color was very intense. Interstratified with these 
bands was a small thickness of variegated limestone, generally purplish, sometimes vermilion or 
greenish. This limestone abounded in Carboniferous fossils; not infrequently the shells occupied 
the center of little grayish circles in the reddish rock. These soft red bands have generally yielded 


120 RECONNAISSANCE FROM CARROLL, MONTANA, 


to denuding influences, and the point where we stood was a narrow neck of land with a deep gulf 
opening below us to the south and southeast. 

From here to the summit, we were on the massive Carboniferous limestone containing corals 
and crinoidal plates, with here and there a Spirifera. The summit of the ridge attained here was 
cansiderably higher than that previously ascended, and was evidently as high as, or higher than, any 
neighboring point north or south. The aneroid barometer indicated that the height was in the 
neighborhood of 10,000 feet. The higher points of the summit were thickly covered with snow, on 
which were lying thousands of dead grasshoppers; and in many places we saw the tracks of the 
grizzly bears which had ascended the range to feed on these insects. 

The prospect from this point is exceedingly grand and extended. The ridge, as has been 
remarked, is, at its summit, extremely narrow, coming to a sharp knife-edge, and the view is unob- 
structed in all directions. Nearly north and south stretch the irregular summits of this rugged 
Tange, while on either side the eye sweeps over the open prairie till arrested by the mountains 
which rise above the plain. To the east, the Crazy Woman’s Mountains are most conspicuous; to 
the south, the ranges near the Yellowstone River; and westward, the rich Gallatin Valley extends 
to the “‘ Meeting of the Three Waters”; and far beyond were the Bitter Root Mountains. At the 
foot of the abrupt cliffs on which we stood was a little mountain lake, far below us, though seem- 
ingly at our very feet. With its deep-blue waters, it was prettily set off by the white limestone 
cliffs above and the dark pines inclosing it on the farther side. 

The following cut (fig. 10) will give some idea of the general trend of the summit of the range. 
The points lettered (A, B, C, D) refer to the cuts which follow, showing roughly the dip of the 


A 
%y) Ays> 
Pog 


Fort bulis. 


strata where indicated. No special importance is attached to these, except as showing the irreg- 
ularity which exists at different points. The younger rocks lie on the east side, the Carboniferous 


Fig. 11. 


sggssDUnL - 


spnodafvuogeno 


-sno99D}24) — 


"Snodvodj]I/) 


Z 


iS] 


sorsspune YY 
Yyy 
YU, 


-spung PI 
+gno290}940 ZZ 


quoi sour 
*gn0.afuog-np 


limestones form the summit, and the older rocks are on the west, with a reversed dip. We were 
unable to extend our observations below the summit, and hence have nothing to add in this relation 
to what is given in the reports already referred to. 


TO YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK. 121 


The following is a list of the fossils obtained during our examination of these mountains, as 
identified by Mr. Whitfield : 
Cretaceous, September 4 and 5. 
Ostrea congesta, Con., associated with fragments of carbonized wood. 
Jurassic, September 4 and 5. 
. Camptonectes extenuatus, Meck. 
. Camptonectes bellistriata, Meek. 
. Myacites (Pleuromya) subcompressa, Meek. 
. Myalina (Gervillia) perplana, Whitf. (n. sp.). 
. Gervillia erecta, M. & H. 
. Gervillia sparsaradiata, Whitf. (n. sp.). 
. Gryphea planoconvexa, Whitf. (n. sp.). 


NAO Se OW 


Carboniferous, September 4. 
Summit, 
. Cyathopylloid coral. 
. Crinoidal plates. 
. Platycrinus, sp. ?. 
. Spirifera centronata, Winch. 
Limestone interstratified with the red bands. 
. Productus nebrascensis, Meek. 
. Chonetes mesoloba, Norwood & Pratten. 
. Athyris, sp.?. 


be 


He Oo 


AQIS St 


Carboniferous, September 5. 
Summit. 
1. Cystiphyllum, sp.?. 
2. Campophyllum, sp.?. 
3. Campophyllum torquium, Owen. 
4. Chtetes, sp.?. 
5. Zaphrentis centralis, Wy. & Shum. ?. 
6. Syringopora mult-attenuata, MeChes. 
7. Spirifera centronata, Winch. 
Limestone interstratified with the ved bands. 
8. Spiriferina Kentuckensis, Shum. 
9. Athyris planosulcata, Phil.?. 
10. Athyris subtilita, (H.) Meek. 
11. Khynchonella Osagensis, Swall.?. 
12. Streptorhynchus crassus, M. & W. 
13. Productus punctatus, Mart. 
14. Productus costatus, Sow. 
15. Productus Prattenanus, Norwood. 
16. Productus cora?, or perhaps P. Prattenanus, Norwood. 
17. Productus, sp.; may be P. nebrascensis, Meek. 
18. Chonetes mesoloba, N. & P. 
19. Chonetes granulifera, Owen. 
~20. EHuomphatus, sp. 


FROM THE BRIDGER MOUNTAINS TO THE FORKS OF THE MUSSELSHELL. 


We camped September 5 on Cottonwood Creek, and made from here a short excursion to the 
west of the road. The main valley of Shields River is a synclival, lying between the Bridger 
Mountains and the Crazy Woman’s Mountains, with an axis pointing in a direction about north 
20° west. In the valley, the rocks are rarely exposed ; but riding up the creek, two or three miles 
from the road-crossing, we find the rocks dipping 30° east, with the strike north 30° west. The 
exposures here show a friable sandstone, disintegrating readily. The rock has a dark, somber 
appearance, and is made up of a greenish or brownish base, with small grains of quartz and a little 

16 wW 


122 RECONNAISSANCE FROM CARROLL, MONTANA, 


feldspar. For a distance of two miles, the inclination remains the same; the rock standing up ina 
series of wave-like ridges, all having an abrupt side toward the west, and a gradual slope to the 
east. Looking from the eastern side, the existence of the abrupt rock exposures would hardly be 
expected, so gradual is the rise of the grassy slopes. From the west, on the contrary, the eye is 
immediately struck by the remarkable series of hills with precipitous fronts. 

Some five miles from the road-crossing, there is a sudden change of dip, and as sudden a 
return to the easterly direction: this is very probably a local change, occasioned possibly by a dike 
of igneous rock noticed at that point. The rock is here generally a sandstone, answering more or 
iess closely to the description given above, sometimes a sandy slate, sometimes a whitish-gray sand- 
stone. At the headwaters of Cottonwood Creek, about six miles from the road, we found an 
exposure of a brown sandy slate, full of fucoidal remains, and containing a few indistinct shells. 
As this rock is apparently one of the lowermost layers in the group of rocks being described, these 
fossils are of interest as furnishing a clue to the thickness of the strata. The fossils are very poorly 
preserved, but have been identified by Mr. Whitfield as follows: 

1. Crassatella, sp. 
2. Crassutella, uear enough to C. vadosa, Morton, to have come from New Jersey. 
3. Inoceramus, sp. 
4. Pholadomya, sp. 
5. Gryphea, sp. 
6. Panopea, sp., very near P. occidentalis, M. & H. 
7. Seaphites larveformis, M. & H. 

Scaphites larveformis is regarded as characteristic of Dr. Hayden’s No. 2. Above this bed 
there must be 5,000 feet of rock belonging to the Cretaceous, though referred in part by Dr. Hayden 
to the Coal Group. ‘ 

At the point mentioned we pass a deep grassy valley a few hundred feet in width, and on the 
other side rises along range of high bluffs 100 feet above, and extending for a mile or more (see fig. 12). 
The rocks are exposed for a height of from 10 to 
50 feet in the perpendicular eastern front of the 
bluffs, and form a feature of the country quite 
conspicuous even from a distance. The rock is 
a a brown and gray sandstone in alternate layers, 

ABA pp AE with oceasional slaty bands. The dip is here 

fe westerly, it being the under part of a very long 
and low fold. From the summit, quite a good view is obtained to the west; the bluff has an abrupt 
front both to the east and northwest. The valley alluded to occupies the position of the axis of 
the anticlinal, and the fold itself is a continuation north of the folding which took place in the 
Bridger Range. 

Turning north from here, we crossed the divide a mile beyond, and came into a long valley 
which trends a little west of north. The rock observed here was a brownish-yellow sandstone, with 
a clay-shale underlying it, and is undoubtedly Cretaceous, though containing no fossils. The valley 
alluded to drains into Sixteen-mile Creek. We followed it for a distance of ten miles, keeping 
along with the strike of the rocks, and found it abundantly covered with thick grass, or rather at 
this season with hay cured in the ground, which could afford grazing for multitudes of cattle. 
Turning again easterly, across the strike of the rocks, we cross a long series of wave-ridges dipping 
east as before, and much resembling those previously observed. A very white fine-grained sandstone 
forms a series of bluffs not much west of the road. 

The valley of the south branch of Deep Creek is wide and level. On the northeastern side, 
where the road to the Forks of the Musselshell turns off to ascend the divide, there is quite a high 
ridge, extending from the end of the Elk Range across toward the Crazy Woman’s Mountains. 
This valley is obviously, like its continuation below, a synclinal, for the strata dip sharply to the 
west 70°, the strike being the same northwest. The same dark-colored sandstone forms the first 
layer: this is underlaid by a sandy slate with large clay cannon-ball concretions. From here on for 
a mile, the dip is continuously westerly, there being the same series of wave-ridges observed before, 


Fig. 12. 


TO YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK. 123 


only here the dip is reversed, and the abrupt side is toward the east. The strike remains the same, 
but the dip is gentler, averaging 40°. After some 5,000 feet of strata, the dip is reversed. An 
exposure of rock on the east side of the trail shows a laminated sandstone, generally soft and friable, 
but in some places very hard. The dip of the first layers is 30°, and this increases as we proceed 
to 45°, the inclination being here toward the east or northeast. A mile farther on, near the head 
of Flathead Creek, we notice another fold. The rock is here a soft yellowish sandstone, dipping 
west at a small angle, 15° to 20°. This contained many oval clayey concretions, and in the seams 
in the rock there was more or less calcite. Ripple-marks were noticed in one or two places. Still 
farther on, the opposite side of the fold is seen, and here it appears that the dark-green and gray 
rocks seen just after leaving the south branch of Deep Creek underlie the soft yellowish sand- 
stone observed near Flathead Creek. For a mile or two more, we pass over the sandstones, chiefly 
the dark rock, but occasionally noting beds of the lighter-colored. This latter is much cracked 
and broken, scaling off into platter-like slabs, so that good exposures of it are seldom seen. Another 
fold is passed over just before reaching the broad valley of Norton’s Creek. We have thus 
the indications of three great folds between South Deep Creek and Norton’s Creek, a distance of 
ten miles in a straight line. The strike varies from north to west, the dip is generally as much as 
40°, and sometimes much more. A mile or two before reaching Norton’s Creek, we pass to the 
left of a high butte formed by three narrow dikes of eruptive rock, seemingly conformable to the 
sandstone. 

At Norton’s Creek, the country changes a little more, and we come upon a broad fertile syn- 
clinal valley. In this neighborhood, igneous rocks, before rare, beome very common, and beds of 
trachyte and basalt are repeatedly seen interstratified with the sandstones. The most conspicuous 
example of this is just to the west side of the meadow through which Norton’s Fork flows. Here 
is a bed of trachyte apparently conformable to the sandstone, and evidently having been erupted 
between two layers of that rock. It has asemi-columnar structure; the heads of the columns point- 
ing toward the east, thus appearing as if it dipped west, though in reality the sedimentary rocks 
have an inclination in the opposite direction. In the broad meadow of Norton’s Fork, a num- 
ber of isolated buttes of trachyte may be seen; some of these having taken quite peculiar forms. 
In these folds, it is seldom possible to trace any single layer of rock, because the characters are not 
distinctive enough; occasionally, however, this may be done, as in the case mentioned above. A care- 
ful plotting of the successive exposures would doubtless show the continuity of the strata, and 
give an exact estimate of the thickness of the rocks involved, together with the width of each of 
the folds. This we were of course unable to undertake. 

On the east side of Norton’s Meadow, the dip is westerly, and the strike northwest. Here a 
brown sandstone is exposed, followed by a gray trachyte in beds, which, at a distance, look like a 
solid sandstone, and might easily be confounded with sedimentary rocks. Opposite where the 
South Fork of the Musselshell is joined by Flathead Creek, is the extremity of a little range of hills, 
trending northwest, and forming a sort of spur of the Elk Range, conforming in direction to the 
low folds we have been tracing, and seemingly like one of them, a little deeper, and having brought 
up lower strata. Following the sandstone, which is without fossils, we have, as we cross the east 
end of this hill, some beds of red clay, making a red soil, but not apparently very thick. Abeve on 
the hill is a hard, red quartzite, in massive blocks, which are scattered over the surface of the 
slope. On the east side of the hill, near the creek, we have several exposures of a gray and yellow 
sandstone dipping east, strike northwest, followed by a reversal of dip in the same beds. ‘The rocks 
here observed are a dark ochery-yellow sandstone, firm, and in rather thick layers, and a whitish 
sandstone, sometimes in very thin, papery layers, sometimes massive, but not often very firm; much 
the same association as at Hopley’s Hole. 

The foldings here are not nearly so extensive as those described before ; the thickness of rock 
involved being perhaps not more than 1,000 feet. Near the hill, the dip is steep; but a mile from 
it the inclination becomes very gradual, and insensibly the strata subside, becoming nearly hori- 
zontal. A slight eastward dip in the white sandstone is, however, reversed before reaching the 
Forks, where there is a broad alluvial country. This seems to be the dying out of the action which 
was more intense to the westward. Beyond the Forks, on the road to the Judith Gap (before trav- 
eled), the same brown sandstone and white sandstone are seen again, with a slight dip, which is 


124 RECONNAISSANCE FROM CARROLL, MONTANA, 


once more reversed, forming apparently a final fold in our series, though the inclination is so slight 
that the direction remains uncertain. 

Our course along Flathead Creek was very nearly at right angles to the prevailing direction of 
the strike, so that we had a very good opportunity to observe the relations of the successive folds. 


FROM ARMELL’S CREEK TO THE MOUTH OF THE JUDITH. 


From our camp on Armell’s Creek, a short excursion was made to the mouth of the Judith 
River; the intention being to make such examination of the country at that point as our limited 
time would admit of. 

The beds at the mouth of the Judith have been explored only once before (by Dr. Hayden), and 
their age has hitherto been in doubt. We were able to remain but two days in this interesting 
locality, and the results obtained were of course meager. Enough, however, was seen to establish 
the age of the beds at this point as beyond a doubt Cretaceous; three members of this division of 
Mesozoic time having been found there and identified by fossils. 

The ravines, which occur so constantly along the Missouri, extend back from that stream but 
a few miles, except where a river enters it. Tributaries, however, carry the ravines and the accom- 
panying Bad Lands back, sometimes to their sources. The country which may properly be consid- 
cred as Bad Lands near the Judith is quite extensive, and is of the most rugged and barren char- 
acter. Each little stream that flows into the Missouri is bordered by a strip of country more or less 
wide, that is gullied and washed out in deep and precipitous ravines, without vegetation, and 
generally utterly impassable, except for the bighorn or the wolf. 

The Bad Lands onthe Judith River extend along that stream for about twenty-five miles from 
its mouth, and run back from the river for about five miles on each side of the stream. Those on 
Arrow Creek, which flows into the Missouri a few miles west of the Judith, extend along it for ten or 
twelve miles back from its mouth, and have an average breadth of four miles on each side of the 
stream. Those on Dog Creek stretch back into the bluffs for about fifteen miles, ranning over to 
ineet those of the Judith for about six miles of this distance, and reaching eastwardly nearly over 
to Armell’s Creek, which also has an extensive system of Bad Lands. 

The rocks are chiefly sandstone, quite pure, often quite hard, but occasionally so soft as not 
to cohere in blocks when removed from the beds. Occasionally, thin beds of an arenaceous lime- 
stone are seen, and from these a few fossils may generally be obtained. Yellowish sandy clays and 
marls also occur toward the base of the bluffs, but without fossils, as far as could be seen, and lack- 
ing any distinctive features. Much of the lower portion of the bluffs is concealed by deposits of 
the Fort Pierre beds, Cretaceous No. 4, which occurs all along the Judith River bottom and in 
many of the ravines, sometimes running far back into the bluffs. These beds agree in all respects 
with the deposits of that age seen near Carroll, Crooked Creek, and Box Elder. They were the 
same dark shales, containing the limestone concretions, with Baculites, &c., and abounding in the 
glittering selenite crystals that seem to be peculiar to these beds. 

From our Camp on Armell’s Creek, we followed the Helena road back toward Camp Lewis for 
five miles or more, and then, leaving it, took a course a little west of north, and, passing about ten 
miles to the eastward of the Moccasin Mountains, struck the divide between the Judith and Dog 
River, by which road alone our point of destination could be reached with the wagons. The time 
occupied in reaching our camp on the Judith was two days; the distance traveled being a little 
more than forty-five miles. I 

At a point two miles north of our camp, on Armell’s Creek, an exposure of bare bluffs was 
noticed, which furnished the following section, from below upward : 


Feet 

Dark-eray horizontally-laminated shales. ------.....-2.--. 22-22-22... oes 60 

Laminated slightly ferruginous sandstone. -........-.-... .-----.--..----.--- 12 

Softswihitishy clays clo uit ae ree ee ete rea 100 
Dark-gray clays, interstratified with layers of impure limestone concretions, 

PO PRS at gree AA RAIS Penne G Acaetis SOR es Gc ito oOo 5 100 


Total! sne:oe ch.cks 45d . tale Bae O SE Ske BR eeiee: Cee eee eee 272 


TO YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK. 125 


The laminated sandstone contains numerous irony concretions, from the size of a pea up to two 
inches in diameter. These are quite soft, and break readily, showing a concentric structure. The 
sandstone is much weather-worn. The limestone concretions, on exposure to the atmosphere, crack 
and break up so that the surface of the bluffs is strewn with their angular fragments. They do not 
particularly resemble the coneretions of the Fort Pierre shales seen near Crooked Creek. 

Later in the day, to the northeast of the Moccasin Mountains, we passed over a good exposure 
of the Fort Pierre clays; and about three miles beyond this, but at a much higher level, were seen 
about 100 feet of white and yellow sandy clays, capped by a thin layer of fine grained calcareous 
brown sandstone. This latter was found in place only on the tops of the highest hills. A few 
shells characteristic of No. 4 were found in the Fort Pierre beds, but none of the other exposures 
examined yielded any fossils. All the beds seen during the day were substantially horizontal. 

The divide along which our road took us is for twenty-five miles a gently rolling prairie, covered 
with a fair growth of bunch-grass. It is a favorite feeding-ground for the buffalo; but, when we 
passed over it, only a few of these animals were seen, although signs of their recent presence were 
everywhere apparent. As we approach the Missouri River, the divide becomes less and less wide 
and the road more winding. Deep ravines and coulées from Dog Creek and the Judith River run 
back until they almost meet, so that the road becomes narrow and often difficult. About seven miles 
from the Missouri River there is a narrow pass, the only approach for wagons to the mouth of 
the Judith. Here the divide is only 10 feet wide, and on both sides steep and precipitous 
ravines run off to the east and west. This backbone continues for fifty or seventy-five yards, in 
which distance it turns and twists sharply every few feet. Sometimes the wagon on one side seems 
to hang over a precipice a hundred feet in height, while on the other it grinds along against the face 
of a sandstone bluff elevated a few feet above the level of the road, or it has to be lowered carefully 
down an almost vertical slope of 30 or 40 feet, and to be dragged painfully up another as high and 
steep. From this point, a march of four miles over a gently rolling plateau brings us to the final 
descent into the Judith River bottom. The road down into the valley is long and steep; the 
difference in height between the top of the bluffs and the level of the valley being 1,200 feet. 

The upper 400 feet of the bluffs are composed almost wholly of beds of sand, white and yel- 
low, nearly pure, interstratified with occasional fragmentary layers of a fine-grained, clayey, brown 
or red sandstone. The beds of white sand contains a few poorly-preserved Unios and the remains 
of Dinosaurs (Hadrosaurus) and Turtles (Trionyx). The yellow sands contain many concretions of 
hard, yellow clay, but are without fossils, so far as examined. All the beds are horizontal, and 
most of them are quite hard. The white sands in some places change into a laminated white sand. 
stone, and seem to be always overlaid by the brown sandstone. At a lower level, these beds seem 
to pass into a white, firm, clayey sandstone, which is very hard ; but we were unable, in the limited 
time at our command, to fix the point at which the change took place. 

The character of the lowest portion of the beds on the Judith is much obscured by the pres- 
ence of the Fort Pierre clays in the valley, and by the washing out of the base of the bluffs and 
consequent dropping down of the rocks above them. This has taken place almost everywhere 
along the Judith and the Missouri Rivers at this point; and, in consequence of this, the rocks dip 
at every conceivable angle, and in all directions. A careful examination, however, will serve to 
convince the observer that all the beds are really horizontal, and that the apparent bendings and 
twistings of the rocks referred to by Dr.,Hayden are due simply to the action of running water. 
This element has here acted on a scale so enormous as to be almost inconceivable to one who is 
not familiar with the important part that is played by this agent in denudation in the West. 

At a time in the past when the Judith carried much more water than it does at present, the 
undermining of the high bluffs was constantly going on, just as the higher alluvial banks of the 
Missouri River are being undermined _at present ; and, as the lowest beds were washed out, the 
superincumbent rocks slipped down in vast,masses. The process, on a small scale, may be seen 
every day while ascending the Missouri. Besides this, the water, which in spring, from the melt- 
ing snows and the early rains,’is carried by each of the thousand ravines which we find here, not 
only washes down the sides-of the ridges, but works under the bluffs, often boring for itself an 
underground passage from onezcoulée to another. Such passages increase in size annually, and 
finally become so large as not to be able to support the weight of the rocks above, which sink down 


126 RECONNAISSANCE FROM CARROLL, MONTANA, 


and fill up the tunnel. It is to these causes, and to these alone, that the apparent irregularity in 
the strata at this point is owing, and not to any uplifting of the various mountain-ranges which 
exist in the vicinity. The beds at the mouth of the Judith have been very little, if at all, disturbed 
by this latter agency. 

The Fort Pierre beds form what may be termed the lowest bench of the bluffs along the Judith 
near its mouth. They have been very much denuded; at one point reaching a height of 560 feet 
above the river's level, and at other places along the bluffs being apparently wanting. Deposits of 
this age are found, not only in the main valley of the Judith, but in many little ravines back in the 
bluffs as well. It is evident that they at some points have been covered by the younger rocks 
which have dropped down from above. From the facts above mentioned it is very difficult, if 
not quite impossible, to get at the lowermost strata of the bluffs; and we were unable to accomplish 
it satisfactorily at any point. 

A considerable amount of surface-drift was noticed in the valley of the Judith and in the 
ravines running into it. This consists almost wholly of water-worn limestone pebbles, similar in 
appearance to the limestone observed at the western end of the Judith Mountains, in the Snowy 
Mountains, &c. One of these drift-pebbles contained Spirifera centronata, Winch. 

About two miles below our camp, and just above the crossing of the Judith, the Fort Pierre 
beds extend up the foot of the bluffs to a height of about 100 feet. Above these, where the main 
bluffs become visible, we noted 40 feet of soft, washed, yellowish clays, and over these 18 inches 
of hard, blue to gray, impure limestone, containing: 

1. Pholadomya subventricosa, M. & H. 
2. Inopistha (Cymella) undata, M. & H. 
3. Thracia Grinnelli, Whitf. (n. sp.) 

This was followed by 15 inches of soft, finely laminated sandstone, in color from white to 
yellowish-brown ; next came 20 feet of soft yellow clays; and finally a layer of sandy limestone 
from 3 to 6 ieee in thickness, and consisting almost wholly of the following shells, crowded 


closely together : 
. Tellina scitula, M. & H. 


. Spheriola Moreauensis, M. & H. 
. (2) Callista Deweyt, M. & H. 
. Iunatia concinna, H. & M. 
. Narica crassa, Whitf. (n. sp.) 
. Baculites ovatus, Say. 
At a point said to be about one-third of the way up the bluffs on Dog River, the following 
fossils were collected by two members of the party: 


OO em Oh 


1. Mactra warreniana, M. & H. 

2. Cardium speciosum, M. & H. 

3. Tellina (Arcopagia) Utahensis, M. & H. 
4, Tellina (Arcopagia) subulata, M. & H. 


They are imbedded in a soft yellow sandstone. These fossils, most of which are characteristic, 
and which have been compared by Mr. Whitfield with typical fossils now in the Smithsonian 
Museum at Washington, indicate the lower portion at least of these beds to belong to Cretaceous 
No. 5 

At a point a little south of where the road descends into the valley, and about 300 feet above 
the level of the river, the following section was taken, from below upward: 


Feet. 

Hard, gray, laminated sandstone, passing near the top into a softer, yellowish 
R00 GRO ON GROMOOE Ona CASO SOOOR DOSHAAc Smt SOS OO OSC om5 BBORaROEO OTe SS 50 
Wellowicl avy Gy Sell OS asta setae areata eer = te ee eee 30 
Soft yellow clays). 2/22/25. cc) 2 = seats setae ele cls = = een a= aaa etee tinier 50 
To tallite ecsea ao hicte oie = cine mie ne siete eters tere ott ae te iatel cael oe here (ete T T= jayeu? 130 


Where the road comes into the valley, a bed of hard white sandstone, interstratified with 


TO YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK. 127 


layers of yellowish laminated sandstone, is seen, the whole about 50 feet in thickness. No fossils 
were found in either of the above. 

It may be stated in general terms that the lower two-thirds (or 800 feet) of these bluffs consist 
of yellowish clays, interstratified with thin layers of sandstone and limestone, and that the upper 
400 feet is almost wholly sandstone, more or less hard, generally white, but sometimes varying from 
that to a dark brown. Lignite occurs in the upper sandstone. A few hundred yards from our 
camp we noticed a bed of sand 15 feet thick, with several layers of impure lignite from 1 to 2 inches 
in thickness running through it. This bed had slipped down from some point high up on the bluffs, 
as it had no connection with the neighboring rocks, and had quite a steep dip. From the fossils 
obtained, it seems that the upper beds of sands and sandstones must be referred to what have been 
called the Fort Union Beds, or No. 6 of the Cretaceous. 

It is a matter of regret to the writers that the observations at this point were so few and so 
disconnected as to give but little idea of the structure of the bluffs and the relations of the beds. 
The extent of country to be covered by our obseryations was very large; and patient study and 
observation, extended over a considerable time, would have been required to do justice to the 
locality. 

LITTLE ROCKY MOUNTAINS. 


A delay of a few days at Carroll on our return journey was in part utilized by a short excursion 
to the Little Rocky Mountains, which lie about twenty-five miles from the Missouri River, almost 
due north of that settlement. The starting-point was a short distance below Carroll; and, ou reach- 
ing the north bank of the stream, we took a trail leading to Milk River, which we were able to 
follow for some distance. The road rises quite steeply on first leaving the alluvial plain of the river, 
and attains 400 feet of its final height within a very short distance. From here the rise is more 
gradual, the road winding to and fro, keeping on the summit of a narrow ridge, whose sides are 
washed down steeply on either hand. The washing-out of the bluffs was here even more striking 
than where observed on the south side of the Missouri; and the continually dividing and subdi- 
viding coulées form a labyrinth of little ridges and valleys, which would present a peculiar appear- 
ance could they be viewed from a point a few hundred feet directly above. The course for the road, 
however, has been so well chosen that the ascent is continuous; no descent into any minor ravines 
being necessary. The final rise is a matter of time, and the high plateau which forms the true bank 
of the river is only reached after a ride of several miles. The height at this point, as given by an 
aneroid, was 680 feet above Carroll, which corresponds closely with the similar measurements taken on 
the other side. After a little comparatively level prairie, the gradual rise is continued, and at the 
foot of the hills the height is 1,250 feet above the river. A section from Carroll to the mountains 
is given in figure 13, which it is interesting to compare with figure 4; the scale is the same. 


Fig. 13. 


Trachytic Rill 
Little Rocky Mts. 


Missouri R. 


Carroll. 


Profile section from Carroll to the Little Rocky Mountains. Course North and South. 
Distance direct about 25 miles. 

The bluffs on the north bank are made up entirely of Fort Pierre shales, and these were observed 
from time to time nearly up to the mountains. In general character, they do not differ from those 
before described. The surface of the prairie as we pass from the river is covered far and wide with 
drift, very similar to that observed on the south side of the stream; though here the quartzite pebbles 
are even more numerous, and coyer the surface of the ground so thickly as almost to have crowded 


128 RECONNAISSANCE FROM CARROLL, MONTANA, 


out the scanty vegetation. Grass is hardly present at all, and even the few weeds have a hard 
struggle for existence. This is true for fifteen miles from the river. Approaching the hills, how- 
ever, the grass is more abundant; and occasionally in the more favored spots it is sufficiently thick 
to make it worth the while of citizens of Carroll to come here for hay. In addition to the small, 
smooth pebbles, the same masses of red and gray syenite found on the Crooked Creek road were 
seen here. The relations of these will be spoken of more particularly hereafter (p.135). The 
quartzite pebbles are most numerous within ten miles of the river-bank, and hardly extend much 
beyond twenty miles. The same is true of the blocks of crystalline rocks to some extent, though 
they were seen occasionally quite near to the Little Rockies. It is to be remarked that here also 
there are no deposits of drift, the pebbles being merely sprinkled over the surface. The nearer we 
approached the mountains, the more numerous became the slightly washed and rounded fragments 
of trachyte, containing large, clear crystals of orthoclase. Some fragments of the same rock, by the 
way, had been seen near Carroll, on the south side of the river. The source of these fragments was 
obviously to be found in the hills we were approaching, and subsequent exploration proved the 
truth of this conjecture. 

The old trail was left after a time, and we continued on our way, striking across the prairie 
toward the hills. The country was very dry and barren; the only water seen being in some holes, 
and that was intensely alkaline. In general, it may be stated here that these hills are very dry, 
and do not give rise to the numerous running streams, which make the region near the Judith 
Mountains attractive. The level character of the prairie was favorable to the progress of the ambu- 
lance, but.not at all so for geological investigation; an occasional wash of black shales being the 
sum-total of all that was observed during a march of twenty-five miles. As we approached the hills, 
we passed near to the edge of the high bluffs, which pitched steeply down to the valley of Little 
Rocky Mountain Creek. The view which was opened out to us was extended and striking, looking 
down on the Bad Lands of the creek at hand, and those which extended on indefinitely westward. 
The bed of the stream offered attractions for geological work; but the descent promised so badly 
for the mules and their load that it was decided to turn away, and keep on the high land. 

We made our camp in a meadow some two miles south of the mountains at a spot which fur- 
nished a little stagnant water. Here we had the hills in front of us, and on either hand a terrace 
about four miles apart, which stretched southward till they blended with the general level of the 
prairie. These high terraces two hundred feet above the level of the adjoining plain, are con- 
spicuous features of the landscape, and are important as bearing on the general question of the 
circumstances under which this country has been denuded. The results of the observations of the 
following day are contained for the most part in the accompanying sketch. We first examined the 
strata at the most easterly point (a). The intervening prairie was doubtless once covered with the 
upturned strata, but now only isolated patches are to be seen. Ata, we found a brown massive 
sandstone, cellular and remarkably honey combed on the surface as if worn by water washing 
against it. Its texture was even, with the exception of numerous rusty iron pellets. It dipped 
strongly (60°) southerly, strike north 80° east; and, standing up as a high wall or rampart, it had 
survived the denuding influences which had been too severe for the overlying strata. The outer 
layer of this sandstone was 12 feet in thickness,and more compact than those that followed; the 
total thickness being 40 feet. The next exposure was in the cowlée 400 yards behind this wall, 
where followed a series of blue and yellow shales 500 feet in thickness. These had the same direc. 
tion of strike as the sandstone, but the dip was steeper, becoming nearly vertical, then changing 
to north. The observations in this direction were cut off by the high hill of trachyte at b. The talus 
from this hill extends out for some distance from it, covering up all sedimentary strata beneath it. At 
¢ rises asecond complementary hill of trachyte, and lying between these two and limiting the 
prairie in this direction is an imposing limestone wall. This is worth mentioning, for it is so con 
spicuous an object as to be distinctly visible in clear weather at a distance of fifty miles to the 
south. The mountains seem from such a point to have a continuous white girdle running around 
them. This is due to the limestone and to its continuation east and west in the range; the abrupt 
wall of trachyte also continues this girdle where the limestone is interrupted. The limestone 
wall shows no stratification, but its face has a steep dip south 70°, and, in character as well as in 
result of weathering, resembles the Carboniferous limestone so often described. 


TO YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK. 129 


Fig. 14. 


Little Rocky Mountains. 
rachis, a eae Trachyle. 


ys 
aT, 
UTI TNSaS 
Limestone. 3 
4 yyy INS 
HA yey yyystin en ee 


t - Shales. 


- Sandstone 
Shales = San 


and 


VIVAL 


Grassy meadow 


~ 
> 
N Sandston 


Shales with 3 
concretions, £ 


N 
| s 
| 
Ss Se He 
: ee, yp bn = 
— —— Sandstone. 


At the west end of this limestone wall, a little cation opens out, showing the considerable thick- 
ness of the limestone. Lower layers afforded the following fossils, of which a list is here given, with 
remarks made upon them by Mr. Whitfield : 

1. Glauconome, sp.?.—* Too indistinet for specific determination.” 

2. Productus, sp. ?.— This has a feature (elongated depressions) which is seldom seen in rocks above 
the Chemung of New York or Waverly sandstone of Burlington, Iowa.” 

3. Chonetes, sp.?.—Resembles C. granulifera, Owen; also very like C. subumbona, M. & W. 

4. Chonetes, sp. This may possibly be only avariety of the preceding, with which it was associated ; 
but had I seen only this fossil, [ should have thought it Lower Silurian.” 

5. Spirifera centronata, Winch. 

In regard to these fossils, Mr. Whitfield says: 

“The general expression of these fossils is that of Lower Carboniferous or perhaps Waverly. 
The locality and formation is worth further exploration in view of the rocks being Lower Carbon- 
iferous, or possibly even lower.” 

We ascended the hill at d with some little labor, owing to the thick growth of scrub-pines, with 
which it was covered, and from it obtained a fine view of the surrounding prairie and the desert 
country far to the west. The various ranges of hills were distinctly visible: the Judith Mountains 
with Cone Butte, to the south fifty miles distant in an air-line; the Moceasin Mountains ; Bear’s Paw 
Mountains, and so on. The height of this hill was 3,500 feet above Carroll, or 2,000 feet above the 

"surrounding prairie. Of the general geology of these hills, little can be said from such a survey, 
except so far as the wide extrusion of the trachyte was noted. The hill in question was made up 
of the trachyte which had been found in such large quantities over the prairie to the south, This 

17 Ww 


130 RECONNAISSANCE FROM CARROLL, MONTANA, 


rock is remarkable for its very porphyritic character ; the crystals of orthoclase being very numetr- 
ous and of considerable size, a quarter to half an inch in length. They are usually more or less 
altered, and under the microscope prove to be made up of minute crystals apparently of a triclinic 
feldspar, the base consisting of the same material. The whole rock is very white on the fresh 
fracture; but the little iron it contains oxidizes on exposure, and the surfacebecomes rusty. 

Descending the hill, we pass south over the terrace mentioned before, which would give a good 
section of the rocks to one who had the time to examine it with care. The lower portion of the 
southern face of the hill is precipitous ; the trachyte showing a bold front. Passing from the talus 
of the mountain, we came upon aseries of variegated shales, mostly bright-red, also greenish and 
blue, evidently baked by the eruption of igneous rock close by; occasional beds of red sand-rock 
and mud-shales occur with the others. The general strike is shown on the map. The total thick- 
ness of these shales was some 800 feet; no fossils were found, only a few indistinct vegetable 
remains. Overlying these shales,with a slight change of strike, was a thick-bedded sandstone 
honeycombed, and in other respects so similar to that described as occurring at a, that the identity 
of the two can hardly be doubted ; the underlying shales also correspond. From this point south, 
the dip became more and more gradual, the terraced hill more grassy, and at d, perhaps two miles 
from the hills, the dip is reversed, and the sandstone of a and e appears with a slight northerly 
dip. Still farther south and west, the hills are more broken, and we passed over a series having a 
somewhat different strike, consisting of a sandstone, then black shales containing large concretions 
with selenite plates; and, overlying this, other sandstone layers. This shale suggests strongly the 
Yort Pierre Group, which is seen horizontal only a few miles distant on the prairie. Other expos- 
ures of sandstone, yellow and granular, were noted at points to the south (see figure); they had a 
strike and dip as shown in the sketch. These latter are exceedingly similar to those which yielded 
No. 5 fossils at Box Elder. No fossils were found, however; though it cannot be doubted that the 
series of rocks belongs mostly to the Upper Cretaceous. Enough has been said to show, with the 
help of the sketch, that the relations are by no means simple. In general, it may be said that the 
hills, at least at this point, give evidence of folding; the axis lying east and west, so that the uplift- 
ing force must have been from the south. Our return trip was made by the same trail, and adinit- 
ted of no further observations. 

y VHE GEYSERS OF THE YELLOWSTONE PARK. 

The route followed by the party in going from Fort Ellis to the Yellowstone Lake and Geyser 
Basins and returning was that generally taken from this point: through the cation of the East 
Gallatin River and down the valley of Trail Creek to the Yellowstone River, thence up its valley 
to the Mammoth Hot Springs, and hence to the falls, the lake, and the geysers. This route has 
been twice explored by Dr. Hayden and his parties in 1871 and 1872, and the objects of interest in 
the park have been described in addition in the valuable report of Captain Jones and Prof. Com- 
stock, who visited it in 1873. It was not to be expected, therefore, that our hurried trip of nine- 
teen days from Fort Ellis and return would give us any opportunity to collect any important 
additional facts. 

It therefore does not seem to us desirable to attempt here an account of the somewhat discon- 
nected observations we were able to make on our very rapid journey from Fort Ellis to the Geyser 
Basins, as they must be, in a great measure, repetitions of what has been already published. We 
may remark, in passing, upon the very great beauty and interest of the whole region, and the 
wonderful field that it offers for the study of all kinds of modern yoleanie rocks. 

It seems, however, that it may be of some little interest to record the action of the more 
important geysers as observed by us during the day or two which we spent in the basins. We do 
this, not imagining that the facts in themselves have any especial importance, except so far as this: 
that the more the facts in regard to the geysers and their operations are accumulated and recorded, 
the better will ultimately be the understanding of the phenomena involved. 

We reached the Lower Geyser Basin the evening of August 20, and, having at that time and 
during the following morning but a few hours of daylight in all, we saw no display from the more 
prominent of the geysers of this basin. The only particularly noticeable eruption observed by us 


TO YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK. 151 


was from the “Architectural” Geyser. The discharge took place in the evening, and was repeated 
again in the morning, lasting each time about 45 minutes. There was no single stream thrown to 
a great height; but a continued, confused mass of jets was thrown in all directions, with occasional 
spirts, to a height of 30 or 40 feet. From its very irregularity, it seemed to us one of the most 
attractive of the small geysers. The various other interesting points in the basin, the “ Mud 
Putts,” “ Paint Pots,” etc., were duly examined, but do not need special mention here. 

We arrived at the Upper Geyser Basin August 21, and remained there until the morning of 
August 24, or about 60 hours. Our note-book gives the foliowing facts in regard to the eruptions 
of the more important geysers: 

Old Faithful, the guardian of the valley, showed a very high degree of regularity during the 
whole period of our stay. The interval between the commencement of the discharges was 65 or 
66 minutes; and, as timed by us for nearly 24 successive eruptions, varied very slightly from this 
interval. The eruptions were of a very uniform character, differing but slightly in manner or dura- 
tion (about three minutes) or in the amount of water thrown out. During the night, we were 
roused each hour by the first rush of the water and steam, and certainly nothing could be more 
beautiful than this grand fountain in action, illuminated by the light of the full moon. The 
average height of the column of water, as determined by Mr. Wood, was 115 feet. 

The solid portion of the geyser, that is, its ornamented crater, has been much injured by the 
depredations of selfish visitors, who do not realize that the injury to the crater done by them in a 
few minutes can never be repaired. One of the most interesting features of this geyser, to one 
who has recently visited the Mammoth Springs, is the great similarity between the step or basin 
formation here and that of the calcareous springs, the same cause working here, but under quite 
different conditions. 

Bee Hive.—Our camp was situated in a grove of trees on the Fire Hole River, just opposite the 
Bee Hive Geyser, so that we were able to observe it under very favorable circumstances. During 
a period of 60 hours, there were three eruptions; the interval between the first and second being 
26 hours, and that between the second and third 25 hours. The duration of the action was four 
or five minutes, aud the measured height 200 feet. The amount of water ejected is comparatively 
very small; the apparent discharge being greater than the real. This discharge consists largely 
of steam, which is swayed in one direction and another by the wind; the gracvefully-waving columu 
of steam and water producing a beautiful effect. Its charms are considerably enhanced when the 
sun strikes the jet so as to produce a rainbow near the top of thecolumn. ‘This geyser has a crater 
alone; there being no step formation at its foot in consequence of the small amount of water which 
it throws out. The force of the escaping steam and water is very great, and seems alinost to shake 
the crust in the vicinity. A little attendant geyser at the foot of the Bee Hive acts as a sort of 
forerunner to it, giving notice by its little stream when its larger companion is about to move. 

Grand Geyser—We were fortunate enough to see one very fine display of the action of this 
geyser. It is especially impressive, because of the absence of any elevated crater; the water rising 
from the very level of the ground. The height of the first discharge did not much exceed 100 feet. 
It rose to this point in a series of violent pulsations, remained at this altitude for three or four 
minutes, and then sank back into the pool, which became quite still. A moment later it had com- 
menced again, the water rising certainly 150 feet by estimate. ‘This again sank down and agaiu 
rose to its maximum height, and this was twice repeated. 

Giantess.—The accounts of the eruptions of the Giantess have been so glowing that we were 
especially anxious to have an opportunity of observing it ourselves. When we arrived, August 
21, the crater was quite full and bubbling, seeming to promise a speedy eruption. The following 
day at 6.30 a. m., it boiled up vigorously, throwing up jets a few feet into the air, exciting hopes 
that it was about to perform, and bringing those who were in camp somewhat hastily across the 
stream. At 9 o'clock it boiled up again, at times throwing out considerable water, so that it was 
nearly empty as far as we could see, looking far down into the erater. It rapidly filled, however, 
and a second outburst on a small scale took place. Two hours later a more vigorous display 
commenced, the hot water being thrown to a height of 100 feet, by a series of successive irregular 
throbs, like the beats of a pump; the heavy thumping going on below in a startling manner. This 
irregular display, extremely interesting and beautiful, yet nothing compared with what the Giantess 


132 RECONNAISSANCE FROM CARROLL, MONTANA, 


is said to do, lasted for an hour; the entire volume of water thrown out being very great. At 
length, with a sudden burst, the steam drove up the water to a much”greater height than before 
seen; the noise and concussions accompanying the outburst being very violent. The water 
was kept at its greatest height for two or three minutes, and for this time we found the Giantess 
all that had been claimed for it. But the reservoir was almost exhausted, and in a short time the 
only escape was a mass of steam, which rushed out of the erater with a force which no words could 
describe. 

After we had become somewhat accustomed to the noise of the eruption, and the awe inspired 
by the vast outburst of steam had in a measure subsided, we experimented upon the violence with 
which the vapor was ejected by throwing into the crater trunks of trees, logs, and other objects 
which could be found near at hand, and the height to which these were thrown by the escaping 
steam was a good indication of the force which was being expended. The heavier of these objects 
Sank nearly to the narrowest part of the crater, and after being held for a moment suspended at 
this point, rising and falling, according to the violence of the jet which they met, were swiftly shot 
forth, often rising to a very great height. 

This steam escape lasted for an hour without any sensible diminution in violeuce, and we could 
not help regretting that all the water had been ejected before the most powerful burst of steam 
had begun, so that we might have had a full display of the power that was at hand acting on the 
water. The conception of force given by this great steam escape was perhaps even greater than 
if it had taken merely the form of a fountain. Six hours later the steam was still escaping, though 
with somewhat diminished energy, and an occasional liquid jet seemed to show that a little water 
was draining into the reservoir, only to be immediately ejected. 

This great steam escape is important as bearing upon the general subject of geysers, showing 
the vast amount of steam which must be accumulated before the discharge can take place, and the 
high tension under which it must be. 

The Castle Geyser was active most of the time during our stay, though with varying force. 
The amount of water discharged was never very large, and the highest jets did not exceed 50 
feet. 

The Grotto was also almost continuously active, and after seeing the injury done to its crater 
by visitors, the large majority of whom are residents of the Territory, we could not help wishing 
that the discharge of boiling water were absolutely continuous, so that the depredators might be 
kept at a respectful distance. 

The Saw-mill Geyser played frequently at short intervals, but quite irregularly. 


The Giant was quiet, occasional spirts of water to the top of the crater being the only sign of 
latent energy. 


GENERAL CONCLUSIONS. 
DISTRIBUTION OF THE FORMATIONS. 

Pre-Silurian rocks.—Up to the time when we reached the second Yellowstone Cafion, we had 
seen absolutely nothing of any rocks older than the Primordial series. This is true, not only with 
respect to our observations, made in the several minor ranges of mountains, but also includes the 
inferences to be drawn in regard to the elevated points not reached, from the absence of any 
crystalline rocks in the local drift. The only exception to this was at Camp Baker, where the drift 
contained such masses, doubtless from the neighboring Big Belt Range, which we were unable to 
visit, but in which we should expect to find a considerable development of the Pre-Silurian series. 

Granitic rocks have been observed by others on the east side of Gallatin River, but they did 
not appear within the limits of our observations. The inferred absence of crystalline rocks from 
the minor ranges of hills, which break through the prairie at different points in this part of Mon- 
tana, for example, the Judith Mountains, the Snow Mountains, Little Rocky Mountains, ete., if 
correct, would make it improbable that ore deposits of any economic value should be found in 
them. 

Silurian —Primordial series—W e observed strata, proved by fossils to belong to the Potsdam, at 
two localities, and the relations of the rocks at these points as far as made out have been described ; 
they may, however, conveniently be recapitulated here. 


TO YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK. 153 


At Camp Baker, Primordial fossils were found in a limestone hill to the northwest of the Post; 
the series and the estimated thickness are as follows: Quartzite, 20 feet; variegated shales, 
mostly bright-red, also green and blue, 150 feet ; limestone, in a double series of ledges, 80 feet ; 
quartzite, reddish, slightly micaceous, then a series of colored slates, mostly green, followed by 
shales and thin beds of sandstones and limestones, in all probably 1,500 feet ; still further con- 
formable shales, 1,000 feet. These extend toward the north farther than we could follow them It is 
enough to say that the total thickness of the conformable strata underlying the fossil-bearing 
limestone cannot be less than 3,000 feet, and is probably much more. All the facts point to a 
very great development of Lower Silurian rocks. 

The same rocks were identified at Moss Agate Springs at the south extremity of the Elk Range 
of Mountains; we found here red shales like those at Camp Baker, quartzite and limestone, the 
latter containing many fragments of Trilobites. We were able only to glance at this locality, and 
consequently the observations stand out isolated. To the Primordial we refer also the rocks 
underlying (in position overlying, in consequence of an overturn) the Carboniferous limestone of 
the Musselshell Canon, of which there must be a thickness exposed of some 1,000 feet. It is also 
very probable that the limestone and red shales of the east bank of Deep Creek observed in iso- 
lated patches belong to the same time. With the exception of the above, no rocks older than the 
Carboniferous were seen by us anywhere from Carroll to Fort Ellis. It is certainly not to be 
affirmed positively that they do not exist in the mountains touched at; the contrary is probable, 
but it is quite certain that, if present, they are in all cases subordinate. 

Carboniferous.—Carboniferous rocks are largely and very uniformly developed over this part of 
the Northwest, as has been remarked by Dr. Hayden. All of the minor ranges of hills, repeatedly 
referred to, contain Carboniferous limestone to a large extent. In fact, the most striking and char- 
acteristic features of all these minor ranges are the walls of white limestone, which stand up con- 
spicuously above the timber, and attract the attention even from a great distance. The very 
uniform nature of this limestone has been noted, and to its character in weathering out into steep 
walls and isolated towers is due the conspicuous appearance mentioned. The general facts in regard 
to this formation, collating those obtained at different places, may be summed up as follows: The 
upper portion consists of li mestone in thin beds, with layers of shale and a little sandy slate. These 
upper layers contain fossils more abundantly than the following beds. Productus, Chonetes, Spirifera, 
Athyris, Rhynchonella, and Streptorhynchus are abundant forms. At the Bridger Mountains, some 
bands of red clay in the upper part of the formation were very conspicuous and persistent, and sug- 
gestions of them were seen elsewhere. At Cinnabar Mountain, in the Yellowstone Valley, the 
intensely red clays and shale, from which the mountain derives its name, immediately overlie Car- 
boniferous limestone, and belong, as elsewhere, to the upper part of the formation. Below these 
irregular, thin beds, showing a somewhat different character at different localities, comes the mass 
of the limestone already many times described. It is firm, bluish white, and always cherty. The 
flint is sometimes in uniformly-distributed particles of small size, sometimes in broad bands. When 
acted upon by the weather, the rock takes the form of vertical walls and steep towers, show- 
ing no trace of stratification. Reference must also be made to the remarks of Mr. Whitfield upon 
the fossils found by us at the Little Rocky Mountains. He says: “The general expression of these 
fossils is that of Low Carboniferous, or perhaps Waverley.” To this, we can add nothing, except 
that the fossils came from a limestone underlying the massive blue limestone before spoken of, con- 
taining Zaphrentis and other corals in considerable abundance. Except at this point, we found 
nothing to suggest the possible occurrence of any rocks between the Primordial and the usual 
Carboniferous. 

As to the total thickness of the Carboniferous formation as here developed, we can only hazard 
a conjecture, which cannot be of very great value. The compact limestone spoken of must be at 
jeast 500 feet in thickness, and the total may be 600 feet. At any rate, it is certain that the 
deposits point to a uniform condition of things at the time when the formation was laid down. 

Jurassic.—Jurassic fossils were found on the east slope of the Bridger Mountains at both points 
where the ascent was made. The only rock observed was limestone, and the fossils were quite 
abundant, in some layers, at least. The thickness seen was small, and on the one side was a 
Cretaceous fossil-bearing sandstone, and on the other the undoubted Carboniferous limestone. The 


134 RECONNAISSANCE FROM CARROLL, MONTANA, 


interval on both sides was small, and we should regard an estimate of 100 feet for the total thiel- 
ness as a large one. In regard to this, Dr. Hayden says: ‘The Jurassic rocks are crushed together 
in the uplift to such an extent that they are quite obscure, and do not appear to much advantage ; 
but, in Union and Flathead Passes, they are much better exposed.” His final estimate of their thick- 
ness is not clearly stated; but elsewhere, in the same vicinity, he speaks of them as 1,200 feet thick. 
Whatever may be the facts at this point, we can safely affirm that the development of Jurassie 
rocks to the north and east is very limited. We had several opportunities for examining beds pos- 
sibly Jurassic, in search of fossils; but iu no case were we successful in our efforts to find such 
remains. On the contrary, in two distinct localities we passed from u&doubted Cretaceous to 
undoubted Carboniferous, with a very small interval between of non-fossil-bearing strata. These 
intervening strata may very possibly belong to Jurassic time, and their apparent absence elsewhere 
may be due to the disturbing influences of the uplifts; but their relative insignificance seems to us 
quite certain. Banks of red soil were conspicuous at several points, and in appearance suggested, 
to a certain extent, the “ Red Beds” referred to the Triassic in other localities. In three distinet 
cases, however, we found such layers immediately underlaid by Cretaceous sandstones; so that we 
think that the beds in question must belong in all cases to the latter horizon. 

Cretaceous.—Yo the Cretaceous formation belongs the rock underlying the prairie over nearly 
all of the route traversed byus. We were unable, however, to obtain any satisfactory results as to the 
succession of the various beds. ‘The sandstones, of which these rocks for the most part consist, are 
quite different at the various localities at which they were seen. They are generally without fossils, 
though frequently containing indistinct vegetable remains, and seem to lack any particularly dis- 
tinctive or characteristic features. They have been so often described in the preceding pages that 
it is needless here to enlarge upon them. The lower part of the formation must be that visible on 
the Bridger Mountains, directly overlying the Jurassic. Very little is in sight, however, and the 
fossils obtained were very poor. When the rocks appear again iu the valley, they are mostly the 
constantly-recurring “ somber” sandstones. At the headwaters of Cottonwood Creek (see p. 122), 
we obtained a few poor fossils in a bed which stratigraphically was the lowest in a series of 5,000 
feet involved in a gigantic fold. One of these fossils is credited to Cretaceous No. 2 of Meek and 
Hayden. From here up, in the order of their time, the rocks have been briefly mentioned. They 
are mostly dark-colored sandstones, occasionally shales, and all nearly destitute of remains of life. 
The only suggestions of fossils are the indistinet vegetable remains before mentioned, which were 
found best preserved in the upper strata. The thickness of this Cretaceous series has been esti- 
mated at 5,000 feet. Most of it is referred by Hayden, though without facts, to the doubtful “ Coal 
Group, forming the transition from the Cretaceous to the Tertiary”. Weregard them all as properly 
Cretaceous; in fact, in some of the upper strata, fossils belonging to No. 5 were found. As has 
already been stated, beds of red clay immediately overlie some of the lowest Cretaceous strata ; 
and, though their character is probably local and changeable, they are so noticeable where they 
occur that they deserve mention here. 

Cretaceous No. 4.—The most distinetly-marked and characteristic member of the Cretaceous is 
No. 4, or the Fort Pierre clays, which have already been fully described. Their thickness was esti- 
mated at 700 to 1,000 feet. They extend from Carroll north and south for a distance of twenty-five 
miles from the Missouri. Further than this, they were observed below on the river one hundred 
and fifty miles from Carroll, and from here to the Judith River a distance of two hundred miles. 
Beds referred to these take part in the uplifted strata, both at the Judith Mountains and the Little 

tocky Mountains, overlaid by Cretaceous No. 5. The Fort Pierre clays were not observed at any 

greater distance from the river than the points mentioned ; and this is true, although beds both 
below and above them have shared in the folding near the Bridger Mountains. From this, it is con- 
cluded that the Fort Pierre clays are limited to the immediate valley of the Missouri at this point, 
In other words, while the conditions were such as to cause an immense accumulation of mud in what 
8 now the immediate valley of the Missouri, different conditions prevailed at a greater distance 
from the river, and deposits of sandstone were going on. 

Cretaceous No. 5.—The Fox ills Group was determined beyond all question at three points: 
at Box Elder Creek, near the Judith Mountains ; at Haymaker’s Creek, near the Forks of the Mus- 
selshell; and at the mouth of the Judith River. The rockin each case was a sandstone, which is 


TO YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK. 135 


characteristic of the formation. Upper layers are very yellow and ferruginous, and lower beds 
white and gray. The local changes are very great. At the Judith Mountains, the thickness of the 
sandstone, at a point where some estimate of its relation to the underlying clays could be made, was 
thought to be about 300 feet. North of the Missouri, at the Little Rocky Mountains, sandstones 
similar to those of No. 5 were seen overlying concretions, and selenite-bearing shales, presumably 
No. 4; and hence their existence here may be considered probable. If now Cretaceous No. 5 is 
found at two points, on either side of the river, at a minimum distance of twenty-five miles, while 
between is No. 4, and no trace of No. 5, what has become of the latter? One fact observed may be 
mentioned in this connection: the dark clays are carried from Carroll one hundred miles and more 
down the river; and, at some of the lower points, these clays, which appear alone in the immediate 
river-bank, have a capping at a little distance of white and yellow sandstone. This observation, 
made from the deck of the steamboat, is of little value; but it suggests that the No. 5 may be here, 
where it belongs, directly overlying No. 4, while farther west, in the neighborhood of Carroll, it has 
been removed by the glacial flood, to be mentioned later. 

A more thorough study of the Cretaceous beds at the mouth of the Judith would no doubt have 
assisted us materially in deciding the point in doubt had we been able to give the requisite time to 
their examination. As it was, the relations of the beds were, as has been said, somewhat compli- 
cated ; and we were able to do no more than to identify by fossils the several members of the group 
exposed at that point. We found here the Fort Pierre clays in close apposition with rocks 
containing No. 5 fossils. 

No. 6. Fort Union Group.—Beds of white sandstone, containing occasional layers of a clayey 
brown sand-rock, were found at the mouth of the Judith River, evidently overlying the beds of No. 
5, before referred to. From these deposits of sand, we obtained the vertebra and long bones of 
Dinosaurs, identified by Professor Marsh as belonging very near the genus Hadrosaurus of Leidy. 
With these remains were found Unios, and, in some layers, a little lignite; the general association 
seeming to refer the deposits to the Fort Union beds. Their thickness was estimated at 400 feet, 
though no snflicient data were collected to warrant any great confidence in this estimate. 

Tertiary.—Distinct tertiary strata were observed in the neighborhood of Camp Baker, and their 
relations have been so fully described that a repetition is unnecessary. It may be mentioned, how- 
ever, that the occurrence of a Miocene lake at this point, with beds 250 feet thick, is a matter of 
no little interest, and opens many interesting questions as to the relations of this with the other 
well-known Miocene lakes, as also to the Pliocene beds of the Upper Missouri and the Yellowstone 
Valley. The red and yellow slates, which seem to accompany the Miocene beds of Camp Baker, 
may possibly be Lower Tertiary, although, as has been remarked, they are not conformable with 
the overlying beds. In the absence of any decisive facts, however, we must leave this point 
undecided. 

Quaternary.—More or less distinet evidence of Quaternary action was obtained at several 
points. True traveled drift was observed in the Missouri Valley alone. In Upper Yellowstone 
region, the amount of material transported has been immense; but the action is, comparatively 
speaking, local. Fine strive, presumably glacial, were seen in the canon above the mouth of Work 
Creek, and also in the granitic rocks near the bridge. At the latter point, the amount of trans- 
ported blocks was very large. It may be of interest to note that the blocks apparently from this - 
spot were traced south ; and some few scattered bowlders were seen within 1,500 feet of the top of 
Mount Washburne, as if the action had been in that direction. This matter has been discussed 
for this locality by others, and we refrain from carrying it further. 

The drift at the foot of the Bridger Mountains, the Elk Range, Little Belt Mountains, Snow 
Mountains, and Judith Mountains, in many cases exceedingly abundant, is in all cases purely local ; 
almost exclusively Carboniferous limestone or trachyte. The masses and pebbles were distributed 
in the time of glacial flood, when the flow of water from these hills was very great. The action of 
this flow of water, in washing out deep valleys, has already been noticed. The special interest 
attaching to Quaternary phenomena is connected with the facts observed in the Missouri Valley, 
which have been alluded to, though not described in detail. North and south of the river from 
Carroll, the prairie is more or less covered with drift-pebbles and masses, whose source is not to be 
found in the neighboring ranges of hills. On the contrary, the southern limit of this drift is reached 


136 RECONNAISSANCE FROM CARROLL, MONTANA, 


twenty-five miles from the river and about ten miles from the north limit of the Judith Mountains, 
where the surface-drift changes its character and commences to be made up entirely of trachyte 
from Cone Butte and the neighboring hills. To the north, the limit is not so distinetly marked ; but 
it is reached within twenty miles of the river, where the trachyte of the Little Rocky Mountains 
takes its place. This drift is divided into two classes quite distinct from each other: first, we 
have the rounded pebbles, very uniformly scattered over the surface of the prairie; and, second, 
the large, angular blocks distributed here and there at random. The pebbles are generally small, 
sometimes several inches in diameter, but more frequently much less. They are flattened, quite 
smooth, and in fact bear much the appearance of common stream-pebbles; they are almost never 
glaciated. They show, however, the marks of the force of attrition by which they have been 
smoothed into shape, for the surface-layer of those of uniform texture is curiously marked with 
semicircular cracks, due to the constant blows which they have received against each other, giving 
them often quite an ornamented appearance. The material of the pebbles is 90 per cent. quartzite, 
generally yellow, sometimes dull red (jasper), and also rarely dark-colored. The remaining 10 per 
cent. is made up of material so heterogeneous that a catalogue of the varieties would be more 
curious than valuable; pieces of fossil wood, however, must be mentioned. As has been stated, 
the deposits are superficial in all cases. The material composing the drift of the second class is 
very generally a bright-red syenite; this forms masses sometimes three or four feet in thickness, 
but averaging about 18 inches. Next in importance is a similar rock, in which the place of the 
hornblende is taken mostly by black mica; still again, there are masses of black hornblende rock, 
a grayish syenite, but very little true granite. All these have a very Archean look. Masses of 
semi-erystalline limestone also occur, though not frequently. These blocks, as has been stated, are 
uniformly angular, showing little trace of wear. They are less uniformly distributed than the 
pebbles. 

The source of these drift masses can hardly be held in-donbt. Confined, as they are, to the 
Missouri Valley, they make it almost certain that they have been brought by running water in the 
direction of the present stream. In the flood which followed the melting of the ice, which, to a 
greater or less extent, doubtless covered the higher mountains, and at a time when the land is sup- 
posed to have been depressed, the waters may well have spread over a width of forty miles, cover- 
ing the now so nearly level prairie, and could readily have transported the smaller washed pebbles. 
The large blocks evidently demand stronger agencies, and it is difficult to make any other suppo- 
sition than that they have been carried by floating ice brought from the westward, from the high 
mountains which form the main divide of the Rocky Mountains, ia_which the red feldspar-syenites 
and the quartzites must have a large development. This would account for their not being rolled 
bowlders. To the same time of glacial floods belong the formations of the terraces seen; especially 
those at the Little Rocky Mountains and Judith Mountains. 

Our opportunities for making observations above and below Carroll on the river were exceed- 
ingly limited. Masses of a syenitic rock were observed, here and there, down the river, prominent 
at the mouth of the Musselshell River, and again at Fort Peck. Running notes from the steamboat- 
deck have little value, and not much can be based upon them. Far down the Missouri, near Bis- 
marek, eight hundred miles from Carroll, the drift bowlders are numerous, and the quaternary sands 
form deep stratified deposits. These phenomena, however, join on to those which are observed more 
and more decidedly to the eastward, and the source of which is to be found to the northeast. West 
of Carroll, near the mouth of the Judith River, the drift just described-was not observed. This 
evidence is negative merely, since, if once deposited as below, it can easily be imagined that 
subsequent denedation has obscured it. 

It is interesting to note, in connection with the facts stated in regard to the drift from the 
westward, the extended and careful observations of a similar character, made at many different 
points, by Mr. G. M. Dawson, F. G.8., and described in the ‘* Geology and Resources of the Region 
jn the Vicinity of the Forty-ninth Parallel,” Montreal, 1875. 

If the report in question be consulted, a fall deseription of these interesting facts will be found. 
It is sufficient for our purposes to call attention to the great prevalence of the quartzite drift over 
the prairie far to the north of the Missouri. The general character of this drift was much the same 
as that found by us, and it was also referred to the Rocky Mountains as its source. 


TO YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK, Tt 


PERIOD OF MOUNTAIN-ELEVATION. 


Much of the country covered by our reconnaissance is, in some respects, a unique one, as may 
be gathered from the remarks previously made. The prairie, deeply gullied, as it is, by the Mis- 
souri and other minor streams, is, in general, of a pretty level character. The strata are horizontal, 
and there is little evidence of any elevation since those Cretaceous beds were laid down. Above 
the prairie, at a number of points, rise ranges of hills of no very great extent, and with an altitude 
averaging about 2,000 feet. They are seen far and near; and, rising blue and misty in the distance, 
from the dry, parched level, they are a most agreeable relief to the otherwise unbroken monotony of 
the landscape. They are important as serving to redeem the country from utter worthlessness, since 
they give rise to numbers of clear, flowing streams. The Judith Mountains, Moccasin, Highwood, 
Snow, Little Belt, and, north of the Missouri, the Little Rocky and Bear’s Paw Mountains, are the most 
prominent of these ranges. 

Rising, as described, from the level prairie, it is to be expected that they would give good sec- 
tions of the rocks which once lay horizontal over the whole of this part of the country. This would 
doubtless be true, could the relations be studied in detail in each case. In fact, however, the exten. 
sive denudation has left only remnants of once extensive formations, so that in a given spot the 
continuity has been much interrupted. Furthermore, the commonly occurring ejection of masses 
of igneous rocks has served as a decidedly disturbing element. 

As to the time when the elevation of our numerous mountain-ridges took place, the evidence, 
where decisive, points to the same conelusion reached elsewhere in the West, which indeed was to 
be expected. The time of elevation followed the close of the Cretaceous era. This is clearly seen 
at the Judith Mountains, where Cretaceous No. 5 has been involved in the general disturbance: 
The same cannot be questioned for the Little Rocky Mountains. ‘The elevation of the Suow Mount- 
ains and the Little Belt Range embraced Cretaceous deposits; and, though it cannot be positively 
stated that the upper members of the formation came in at these points, this cannot be doubted, in 
view of the evidence. 

The Bridger Mountains are the most interesting and satisfactory. ‘Chey include strata from the 
Primordial to the top of the Cretaceous; all apparently conformable, aud all elevated at one time. 
The junction of the Lower Silurian with the Carboniferous did not appear in that portion of the 
range examined by us. 

At the other points where the Silurian was found, we unfortunately could not observe its rela- 
tions to the overlying Carboniferous. At the Musselshell Caiion, the evidence is not conclusive ; 
but the relations seem to imply conformability from the Cretaceous down to the Primordial. At 
Camp Baker, the Primordial stands alone; and we saw no evidence of the Carboniferous following 
it in the sequence of the strata, as would be expected. This fact strongly suggested to us, while on 
the ground, an earlier elevation of the Silurian; but this cannot be regarded as of much weight, in 
view of the fact that the extensive deposits of Miocene Tertiary may well cover up what follows and 
would otherwise be exposed. 

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RECONNAISSANCE FROM CARROLL, MONTANA, TO YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK. 


DESCRIPTIONS 


OF 


NEW SPECIES OF FOSSILS. 


BY 


R. P. WHITFIELD. 


DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW SPECIES OF FOSSILS. 


By R. P. WauirrieLp. 


Genus CREPICEPHALUS, Oven. 
CREPICEPHALUS (LOGANELLUS) MONTANENSIS, 0. sp. 
Plate 1, figs. 1 and 2. 


Glabella and fixed cheeks, when united, subquadrangular in outline, contracted across the eyes, 
and abruptly expanding in front. Glabella narrowly conical, moderately tapering anteriorly, some- 
what squarely truncate in front, strongly elevated, and gibbous in the middle and along the central 
line, marked by three pairs of lateral furrows, whieh are directed obliquely backward at their inner 
ends; anterior pair very short, and placed near the anterior end of the glabella. Occipital furrow 
only moderately strong. Fixed cheek rather narrow, not exceeding one-third the width of the glabella. 
Hye-lobes proportionally large. Frontal limb long, equaling half the length of the glabella. No 
perceptible anterior rim can be detected on the part preserved. Ocular ridges distinct. Posterior 
lateral limbs long and narrow, their lateral extension about equal to the width of the glabella. 

The species is kuown only by the glabella and fixed cheeks, the latter imperfect; but the form 
is so unlike any other of the genus described that there can be no difficulty in every ae it. The 
extreme elevation of the glabella is a marked feature. 

Locality and formation.—In limestone of the Potsdam Group overlying aiiartaite near Camp 
Baker, Montana. 

Genus ARIONELLUS, Barrande. 


ARIONELLUS TRIPUNCTATUS, N. Sp. 
Plate 1, figs. 3-5. 


Specimens consisting only of the central parts of the head and separated movable cheeks. 

Glabella conical, the height above the occipital furrow equal to the greatest width at the fur- 
row; anterior end rounded, as wide as two-thirds of the length above the occipital furrow; margins 
defined by strong, well-defined dorsal furrows; surface moderately convex, and very faintly angular 
along the median line; marked by three pairs of very faint lateral furrows, which are directed 
obliquely backward at their inner ends; occipital furrow deep, extending entirely across the base 
of the head; occipital ring moderately strong, and projecting backward in a central spine of unde- 
termined length. 

Fixed cheeks narrow and prominent, but rapidly sloping to the margins in front of the small, 
prominent and somewhat pointed palpebral lobes. Frontal limb short, rapidly narrowing at the 
sides, in front of the eyes, to the anterior furrow, which is deep and strong; anterior to the furrow 
the limb is suddenly contracted and subangular in the middle; bottom of the furrow marked be- 
tween the sutural margins by three deep well-marked pits. Paster tatoral limbs narrow at their 
origin, beyond which they are unknown. 


*The types of all the species here described are in the Peabody Museum of Yale College, New Haven, Conn. 


142 RECONNAISSANCE FROM CARROLL, MONTANA, 


Facial sutures directed forward on a line with the eye for a short distance, when they are 
directed inward with a strong curvature to the anterior furrow, in front of which they converge 
more rapidly, and, meeting in the median line, give an angular form to the frontal limb when the 
movable cheeks are absent. Movable cheeks subtriangular, exclusive of the posterior spine; cen- 
tral area convex; marginal rim strongly rounded and gradually widening from the front, posteriorly 
to the origin of the spine, which is of moderate strength, and as-long as the glabella and frontal 
limb of the head. Surface of the movable cheeks covered with strong granules. The ghabella and 
fixed cheeks have been similarly marked, judging from the pustulose surface of the cast of these 
parts. Thorax and pygidium unknown. The surface-structure, together with the well-marked pits 
in the frontal furrow, will serve to distinguish this from any other known species. 

Formation and locality—In limestones of the Potsdam Group; at Moss Agate Springs near 


Camp Baker, Moutana. 
Genus GRYPHAA, Lan. 


GRYPHZA PLANOCONVEXA, 0. sp. 


Plate 2, figs. 9 & 10. 


Shell of medium size; general outline more or less orbicular, or with a straightened cardina 
margin ; transverse section planoconvex. Lower valve more or less rounded, often quite ventricose, 
but sometimes depressed-convex; beak small and narrow-pointed or truncate, usually somewhat 
twisted, projecting slightly beyond the line of the hinge, and often incurved close to the cardinal] 
border. Upper valve flat or slightly concave, smaller than the other. Ligamental area of the 
lower valve small; cartilage-groove narrow. Muscular imprints reniform, eccentric. Substance 
of the shell rather thin and nacreous ; surface roughly lamellose. 

The form of the shell as seen in several individuals strongly resembles that of an Anomia; but 
on splitting open one of the specimens, it revealed the features of a Gryphea. The general form 
and characters are so distinct from any known species from rocks of Jurassic age that it may be 
readily recognized. 

Formation and locality.—In rocks of Jurassic age in the Bridger Mountains, Montana; asso- 
ciated with Camptonectes bellitriata. C. extenuatus, Gervillia erecta M. & H., and Pleuromya subcom- 
pressa = Myacites (Pleuromya) subcompressa Meek. 


Genus GERVILLIA, Defrance. 
GERVILLIA SPARSALIRATA, N. sp. 
Plate 2, fig. 8. 


Shell small, much below a medium size, very oblique, and rather slender; the axis of the body 
of the shell forming an angle of not more than twenty to twenty-two degrees with the ear- 
dinal line. Anterior wing not determined, but apparently very small or obsolete; posterior 
wing proportionally long and narrow, the surface flattened and the outer angle very obtuse; body 
of the shell convex, the left valve much the most rotund, scarcely or not at all curved in its direc- 
tion. Anterior margin slightly convex; basal margin rounded. Surface of the left valve marked 
by about five comparatively strong radii, with wider interspaces, those along the middle of the 
valve strongest and most distant; also by well marked, crowded, concentric lines, which are more 
distinct in crossing the radii than between, and on the posterior wing are directed toward the hinge 
in an almost direct line. Right valve less convex than the left and the markings less distinct. 

This species somewhat closely resembles G. montanensis Meek (Geol. Sury. of the Territ’s, 1872, 
p. 472), but differs very materially in the smaller angle formed by the body of the shell with the 
hinge-line, and also in the greater length of the hinge. It is possible it may be only a strongly 
marked variety of that species, but this ean only be satisfactorily determined by more and better 
specimens. At present, however, it seems impossible to identify it with that one. 

Formation and locality.—In rock of Jurassic age at Bridger Mountains, Montana; associated 
with characteristic fossils of that formation. 


TO YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK. 143 


Genus MYALINA, De Koninck. 
MYALINA? (GERVILLIA) PERPLANA, 0. sp. 
Plate 1, fig. 8. 


Shell rather above a medium size and erect, elongate quadrangular in outline, with a rounded 
basal margin; anterior and posterior borders subparallel, slightly diverging from the cardinal 
margin toward the basal line, which is rather sharply rounded; height of the shell nearly or twice 
as great as the greatest length in an anterior and posterior direction, and the cardinal border nearly 
two-thirds as long as the greatest length of the shell. Surface of the left valve very depressed- 
convex, the anterior umbonal ridge being low and rounded a little within the anterior margin of 
the shell; beak small, compressed, not projecting beyond the hinge-line. Surface marked by low 
rounded undulations, on the body of the shell, parallel with the lines of growth, which become sharper 
thread-like lines along the postero-cardinal border. 

The depressed and flattened shell, with the subparallel margins and erect form, will readily serve 
to identify the species. It is possible that the species may prove to be more nearly related to 
the genus Gervillia than to Myalina on the examination of other and better specimens; the surface- 
lining of the shell very closely resembles species of that genus, and the posterior wing is somewhat 
unlike Myalina, while its erect form is quite unlike Gervillia. 

Formation and locality.—In rocks of Jurassic age at Bridger Mountains, Montana; associated 
with well-known Jurassie fossils. 

Genus PINNA, Linn. 


PinnA LUDLOVI, 0. sp. 
Plate 1, figs. 6 and 7. 


Shell elongate-triangular, very gradually increasing in width from the beaks toward the base; 
the dorsal and byssal margins diverging at an angle of but little more than twenty degrees. Dor- 
sal margin straight, as long as, or longer than the body of the shell; basal margin, judging from the 
lines of growth, nearly at right angles to the dorsal margin for a short distance, then directed, 
with a rapidly increasing curvature, to the byssal border. Apex and umbones unknown. Surface 
of the valves angularly convex, the left one the most ventricose, and the angularity quite percepti- 
ble. Both valves are marked, except for a narrow space along the byssal margin, by numerous, 
very distinct, and somewhat flexuous radiating ribs, strongest in the middle of the shell, and 
decreasing in strength toward each margin; about twenty-two to twenty-four of the ribs may be 
counted across the middle of the shell on the specimen figured, most of which are marked along 
the middle by a distinctly-depressed line. Concentric lines distinctly marked and often forming 
undulations in crossing the radii. Evidence of minute, scattered, spine-like projections exists upon 
the surface of the radii. Transverse section across the closed valves angularly elliptical; the 
relative diameters about as one and two. 

The strongly-radiated surface and duplicated ribs are features that will readily distinguish this 
from other described species. 

Formation and locality.—In limestones of the Coal Measures, in the canon of the Musselshell, 


Montana. 
Genus TAPES, Miihif. 


TAPES MONTANENSIS, 2D. Sp. 


Plate 2, figs. 1 and 2. 

Shell small, transversely elongate-elliptical, the length being a little more than twice as great 
as the height; valves very depressed-convex ; beaks subcentral, a little nearer the anterior end, 
very depressed and inconspicuous, scarcely rising above the general slope of the cardinal border; 
extremities sharply rounded, the anterior end broadest; basal margin broadly rounded, but a little 
more arcuate than the cardinal border. Surface of the shell smooth, and presenting the appearance 
of having been polished, with scarcely perceptible lines of growth. 


144 RECONNAISSANCE FROM CARROLL, MONTANA, 


We know of no described fossil shell very closely resembling this one. TZ. Wyomingensis 
Meek is perhaps the most closely related, but differs conspicuously in the position of the beaks, 
which, in that one, are situated only about one-fourth of the length from the anterior end, while in 
this they are nearly central. ; 

Locality and formation.—In Cretaceous strata near the mouth of the Judith River, Montana, 
in beds apparently overlying the Fort Pierre shales. 


Genus MACTRA, Linn. 


MACTRA MATA, Nn. sp. 
Plate 2, fig. 5. 

Shell small, subtriangular in outline, with moderately convex valves. Anterior and posterior 
cardinal slopes nearly equal, the anterior side a little the longest and less abrupt; concave between 
the beak and the anterior end, while the posterior margin is convex. Anterior extremity narrow, 
rather strongly rounding upward from the basal margin; posterior extremity subangular; basal 
line very convex, slightly emarginate just within the posterior angle; beak short, broad, and 
obtusely pointed, the apex minute, curving, and closely appressed. Body of the shell somewhat 
regularly convex from beak to base, marked by a strong, subangular, posterior umbonal ridge, 
behind which the shell slopes abruptly to the margin, and just within which there is a very faintly 
depressed sulcus extending from below the umbo to the basal line. Anterior umbonal ridge 
rounded and abrupt. 

The specimen from which the description is taken is a partial cast, so that the surface is not per- 
fectly seen; it appears, however, to have been nearly smooth, or with only fine lines of growth. The 
hinge characters are not clearly made out; the posterior lateral tooth, however, is seen to be long 
and slender, reaching nearly one-half of the distance between the beak and postero-basal angle- 
The pallial sinus is somewhat rounded, slightly directed upward, and extends nearly to, or more than 
one-third of the length of the shell from the posterior end. 

This species is very similar in general expression to M. incompta White, MS., but differs 1 
being longest anterior to the beaks, while the reverse is the case with that species. 

Formation and locality.—In beds of the Cretaceous formation believed to overlie the Fort Pierre 
shales near the mouth of the Judith River. 


Genus SANGUINOLARIA, Lam. 


SANGUINOLARIA OBLATA,—4, Sp. 
Plate 2, figs. 3 and 4. 

Shell small, transversely broad-elliptical or suboval, widest anterior to the middle of the length, 
where the width is equal to about two-thirds of the length; extremities broadly rounded, the pos- 
terior one most sharply curved; basal margin strongly rounded, most abruptly so anterior to the 
middle of its length ; cardinal margin mueh less strongly rounded than the basal border, slightly 
contracted posterior to the beaks, which are small, compressed, and but slightly projecting beyond 
the cardinal border. Surface of the left valve very depressed-convex, most strongly curved across 
the shell from beak to base, and, judging from the form, has been more convex than the right 
valve; posterior end marked by a very faint sulcus passing from behind the beaks to the postero- 
cardinal margin. 

Surface of the shell marked by fine concentric undulations and finer lines of growth. 


Formation and locality.—In sandy limestone of Cretaceous age near the mouth of the Judith 
River, overlying the Fort Pierre shales. 


Genus THRACIA, Leach. 


THRACIA (CORIMYA) GRINNELLI, 0. sp. 
Plate 2, figs. 6 and 7. 


Shell of medium size, transversely broad suboval, nearly equilateral, slightly inequivalve, and 
apparently a little gaping posteriorly. Basal margin of the shell forming a regular elliptical curve 


TO YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK. 145 


between the points of greatest length; dorsal margin less regular than the basal, slightly con- 
tracted behind the beaks ; auterior side somewhat rapidly sloping for two-thirds of the distance 
between the beaks and anterior extremity ; extremities sharply rounded, a little less abruptly 
above than below the middle of the height. Beaks of moderate size, rather broad, slightly pro- 
jecting above the cardinal line, that of the right valve the largest and extending beyond the left. 
External ligament small, prominent, and situated close behind the beaks. 

Surface of the valves moderately convex, and apparently a little bent in an anterior and pos- 
terior direction ; the left valve being the most convex. (This is the opposite from what is usually 
the case.) Valves marked by distinct but irregular and somewhat crowded concentric undulations, 
and also by a slightly depressed, oblique, somewhat curving suleus extending from behind the 
beaks to the postero-basal border, which it scarcely modifies. Internal features and hinge-structure 
unknown. 

The shell bears considerable resemblance to Thracia Prouti Meek and Hayden (= Tellina Prout 
M. & H., Proc. A. N.S. Phil., vol. 8, p. 82), but is less contracted posterior to the beaks, and the 
dorsal margin slopes more rapidly anteriorly, the shell being less full and rounded on this part ; 
the beaks are also larger, and project above the cardinal line more than in that one; the basal line 
is also more regularly curved, that one rounding upward more strongly in front and less so behind, 
giving a straighter postero-basal margin. 

Formation and locality—In rocks of Cretaceous age at the mouth of the Judith River, Mon- 
tana, which overlie the Fort Pierre shales of that locality. 


Genus VANIKOROPSIS, Meek. 


VANIKOROPSIS TOUMEYANA. 
: Plate 2, figs. 11-13. 
Natica Towmeyana, M. & H., Proc. A. N.S. Phil., vol. viii, p. 270, 1856. 
Naticopsis ? Towmeyana, M. & H., ib., vol. xii, p. 423.—Meek, Smithsonian Check-List, Invert. 
Foss., p. 18, 1864. 
Vanikoropsis Toumeyana, Meek, Pal. U.S. Geol. Surv. Territ., p. 332, pl. 39, fig. 2. 


Shell rather large, naticoid in form, subglobose and a little oblique, composed of about four 
very ventricose, but not inflated volutions ; spire short, depressed, conical, the slope of the spire 
inclosing an angle of about one hundred and five degrees ; suture-line deep and well pronounced ; 
body-volution forming more than two-thirds of the entire height of the shell; aperture broadly 
oval, rounded, and very slightly extended below, a little straightened on the columellar side, and 
slightly modified above by the preceding volution ; columellar lip thickened and spreading on the 
body of the preceding volution, and covering but not concealing the umbilicus, or forming a true 
callus. Umbilicus small and deep. 

Surface of the two outer volutions marked by strong, transverse undulations, or ridges, par- 
allel to the margin of the aperture, and numbering about fifteen on the outer whorl; also, by 
coarse, revolving bands which cross the undulations and have slightly flattened interspaces ; four 
of the bands occupying the space of about one-fourth of an inch on the middle of the outer 
volution. Substance of the shell very thick and solid. 

When describing this species, we had supposed it to be entirely new, not having recognized it 
in the description of the imperfect individual used by Mr. Meek; but, on seeing his figure above 
cited, we suspect it may only be a more strongly marked individual of that species, and, although 
no direct comparison has been made, we do not hesitate to consider it in that light. It differs, 
however, in being more elevated and in the stronger vertical folds. 

Formation and locatity—In beds of Cretaceous age overlying the Fort Pierre shales near the 
mouth of the Judith Riyer, Montana, 

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EXPLANATION OF PLATE I. 


CREPICEPHALUS (LOGANELLUS) MONTANENSIS. 


Page. 

Fig. 1. View of the glabella and fixed cheeks partly restored in outline..-.-..----.-----.---------------------- 141 

Fig. 2. Profile of the same, showing the elevation of the middle portion...---....--- BEBE RO Da eC eps EAe me Tec ae 141 
ARIONELLUS TRIPUNCTATUS. 

Fig. 3. View of the glabella and fixed cheeks, showing the form and surface-markings..---..----.------------- 141 
Figs. 4 and 5. Left and right movable cheeks of the species.--...--..--- spssrosesogsnesseeseacscsctesecsesesss 
Pinna LUDLOVI. 

Fig. 6. View of the right side of the specimen described, showing the radii, with their characteristic duplica- 
IOS SeoSecaS saa snoess Go0S no NeUSoons GSS55 doteo SOsSbeSs 0c 50Ns56 Ssose0 55s 5 so oond oes shes sess terssSs 143 
Fig. 7. View of the specimen looking upon the cardinal line, showing the convexity of the shell..-.....-...---- 143 
Mya ina (GERVILLIA) PERPLANA. 
Fig. 8. View of the specimen, with the basal portion restored, according to the lines of growth.----.---..----- 143 


GRYPHEA PLANOCONVEXA. 


Fig. 9. View of a lower valve, retaining a portion of the shell and showing the beak. The lower part of the 
; specimen is wholly an internal cast, and shows the form and position of the muscular impression .----. 142 

Fig. 10. View of the under surface of the specimen as seen when separated from the shell of the smaller valve, 
showing the cartilage-area of the lower valve and the muscular imprint of the smaller one- ..-------- 142 


OL HOSsSiLs 


7 
pe) 


SPECIE 


NEW 


Plate I. 


Capt Wm. Ludlow's Exp. to Yellowstone Park, 1875. 


reboots 
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rzE=. 
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T. Sinclair & Son. lith Phila. 


HM: Martin del. 


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EXPLANATION OF PLATE II. 


TAPES MONTANENSIS. 


Ricuiview-or.une loft valve, NAbULAW SIZOsascow cucciawelececselnseecs\=\sceeen~ nce seslcswalsacminndsenenicccsv-esee <0 

Fig. 2. The same enlarged, showing the nearly obsolete stris...-..- 22-22. see e ee cece ee cee ene een ene cece eee wees 
SANGUINOLARIA OBLATA. 

Bice Wew, Of anlOle VALVO, DAIEM Ga ZO nas aae mlacenn alana eucdioemaccloa=anelensicswiesecnel soe aciauemsaccme sas aca ave 

Fig. 4. View of the same, enlarged to show more distinctly the form ..........-.-..----.---- -2--2+ e222 eee eee -- 

MACTRA MAIA. 
Fig. 5. View of a left valve, enlarged, showing the general form of the shell, the impression left by the removal 
of the posterior lateral tooth, and the sinus of the pallial line...... 2.222. 22. 222-82 nen - enone eee eee 
THRACIA (CORIMYA) GRINNELLI. 

Fig. 6. View of the right side of the specimen...-.. 2-22-2222. oo = ene een ne oe ene wees sues acaaeke dees 

Fig.7. Cardinal view of the same, showing the bending of the valves. ......---. 22-222 cone enon ee eee e ee eee eens 
GERVILLIA SPARSILIRATA. 


Fig. 8. View of the left side of the specimen described; the posterior end restored in outline........---.-.---- 


GRYPHZA PLANOCONVEXA. 


Fig. 9. Cardinal view of a very convex lower valve, showing the curved beak, which is truncated by attachment 
LOWSOMeyTOLe Tt BU DS GAN Ce mecetacine cise meena cea aati oto ada ral ate elo ele se sn s| ota so 
Fig. 10. View of the exterior of same, showing the general form.......-.--. ---.---- ---- eee eee enn nnn nee nee 


VANIKOROPSIS TOUMEYANA. 


Figs. 11 and 12. Views of the opposite sides of the specimen described, showing the charactersof the shell; the 
latter figure showing the aperture as seen on the specimen broken and imperfect..-....--.----------- 
Fig. 13. A restored figure, showing what would appear to be the form of the aperture when complete. The 
umbilicus is shown as seen in the specimen when turned more to the right than in fig. 12 -.......-.-.- 


144 


144 
144 


142 


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T, Sinclair & Son. lith. P! 


H.M.Martn, del. 


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A. 
Page. 
Actiturus bariramius...... ..---++--=-------------- 87 
MEQalitis MONtANUS! = «<== <5 1-222 ¢---205--- == === =~ 86 
DOCIGOE Beem Benen Coe nC On ae HEEOnARCEoOeoS 85, 92 
PAG GLCUSIDNOENLCEUS «= 2 anim ae ale eimle nen nie === 78 
PARA es Mes ok Se aa waa sk ae ae cian ctaeleren selene 74 
FATT OAMEMICAN Geo 5 cata celal acorn icse vcccesic cence G9F9L 
PALOCUING Blas noe wae sos = se cece acine we qaayeones estas 80 
Allcedoaley0t<<=-=--22<-+ 5225-5 Be Seas eee ee 80 
AUkalineide posits! sss2-2.--e5- 5 =ee sees emma == 99 
NIN GEA Soe See Neon ee carcoo Seco SoSr 7 
JAUNTRENUG Gy NOSE) ASE Sasa ba55 sSesieoneiscaose Sa5 97 
PAN ATION ONE OMS sac, tara oo than a ciatovanetcicns ae oee SA ee ests 23, 62 
American Fork, (Musselshell).-.------------------ 57 
American Lanner Falcon. .----..---.-.----------- 82 
AUNETICAM, WICPCOR Jace anime. aml oae sesame ==~ 88 
Amethyst Mountain...-....---..--.---. ---..----- 30 
JN ODTRD aH Deans Seno Gono Saco IEC CSO SUUCSCo.cese 101 
ALIEN Bere one ee GaSe De BEBE O EEO OE OOS CSE ESEr 76 
AUTEN GAO AITD paces ome one = 25 Genome eapeeo sees 76 
GUID) = ee goos poco enocns SScoease seteceos 76 
Aw alysisiost al keane ecto aiae eee ses ata Saleem eae 100 
22, UE (Oe Son pe ano pee eae Pop aos POCO coe aoe 88 
PAM MELO E ale asl (ne seein =e SSeS SneT OCC 88 
MOUS Wi mecta she sboctac eines sso ciety zearoet a eoeee 101 
HPAES? I EIONCOD Becencenoesp cess enbocosecresseoe 88, 92 
ANPUD OTS seoece cate Sesooenans Seste cessee.oeoc yeas 70 
PLUS RIMOUCLANUS sacs sex sects 22 = scl ale oes eo -Sos 74,91 
PARNOCUPT OI AMEN COND <== 2 <neae ae ow mena cne eee 70, 91 
Appearance of country near Carroll. .--..--------- 100 
LU MIDAURIBUAMD ose case = oon ceo coe MSSee ceo 83 
FARCHIOUICON CITNGINEUS) oman kamen a $a -i-s==—- en -s== 83 
lagopus sancti-johannis ..---..----------- 83, 92 
Arohitechnrall | GOySOr! oe << olsen acne esse k 131 
Archies blue bind exe seo) = ce ee eal is = 73 
MCHC HR OWN Ola ae seas Ceri eB te ole oe efelenee ss nie 738 
PUREE SUILOUNUEN Le teae rate ataielaaet aim = mi imme = 67, 91 
ZN GED TEE OGION Sem ceeceae Rose Tas Io SSO CHO OaS 87 
BIRO ra eee ete aces set cnc eps et ane esi 87 
AO RCNS BEBE tee teins ar aeitasekclcla telecine oa ass 113 
Arionellus tri-punctaius --. = .-~ ~~. --- see ra-s 25-50 117, 141 
Arkansas ly catener:=s-\c=sce ee -- =< S-2 see Sos 80 
AT MELY AO NOOK et aay thea ee neyo uie as nie ceuds Bo, so 
PERO) | CLOOKS ata sera tae elo ages ete She 124 
PAUP LENORE Cortona en ata letee te penta ett e  teleate imines eis ae 100 
ATIRCOLE ATONE game me eee eerie ci esa ee eee cee 68, 91 
ASSINADOMEOS Ss 2a) seass ase nae seca se aSeswoces. 11, 64 


Astronomical observations .--.-.--.- 
AIUD p ees Haieo a2 00= 


.-113, 121, 133 


planosuleatay. 2-25). a teas Saas eests =e = 121 
SUD ante) oe ee a ae eee eee 121 
ANGI AHS) Wet UG Cocscisceice ance osc ase SOncer Oe 74 
LN UG) DDD: Sais Bee 38 oS 3S090 DEESOO SEO OCT GREE SESE 113 


PAM OCOL susie ana aniaiin ete et aiainea ACO Sa ee Pre 86 


B. 

Page. 
PET COUOHNES nec eee Oretenceceenoseens seceao 101, 126 
IBAIGR? Such oacobcsaenne Dionne €=S8eS2 se eeeeee Cees 66 
EAC UMRROS eestor entrees ener ec pte mate meet ar 3,73 
Isennats Seana hye hes 5 pecan ceiccos cesar oseecer son 86 
len itye, (CHINN), caceSoneseetincae ce oeeeea asebes 67, 69,74, 114 
Bakeribake Basile aoe. a= ase soe ioe soaiee ae 116 
Lilie l epinieceaeeeacs poceenoe se oS cee Somes eon ca 107 
Banks Swallowsococcesscceeocvemece sense eee eee 75 
Barn wallOwests soneacace soem ee aoe eer fora apaeia 75 
Bartram an Sand pipet sa. 2s.) qeee tee eee oe 87 
18h 7ed Vg > oR Seer ne Bee BRE Pea Res Steer cea er meat 63 
Bay-wineed Buntine=: 22 - =~ fee e-se nee oe aa = 77 
(Rear SB aC Kye apis e ee sae taa aise san So2c8 66 
Ginnamon:stscsctcese eee area eee seek 66 
Girizzlivgene 3 eee Scene Nae a oye 66 
BearisieAweVlountains een ae. e sees es ermee 55 
EEG) acidcas dee goa noose soso Prinses On ses Cnc OSA 67 
Orcas sn essere smisietsnenseajeeeieeae eee 57 

IBCe Nive GE YSCL Rn saat e tise te ae eee 26, 131 
BENSON S) EeOLn vars a= ae tae ate tetas ea eee 57 
Benboray Hones serie lane eee ener 9,12 
Taten(lolGl, MOM ae ee sas san ac acons S2n5 soe seas 11,71 
Big| Belts Mountains asec ee aee a= == ee ean 114 
ile Oneekwe esse ocean ee ee ee a a eee a EY 
SDH ONG 555 cog: csccan cbseees es SSE Ac 14, 107 
mer Creeks sees.) seceh ee eee ee 57 
TUG, 25-95 Sako ososee sora see sossessoosas dese 70 
eet eee oe ree aia cea re ee ao oe ee eae 72 
eid ics IDL eee r SS seasons 5 pee oaSees Sossoe 11, 32 
LOM. Soe. aeeeds semaao- os J poocenoondasdse spades CAL 
Bitter Root Mountains--....--.--- SSAC eebE 120 
Black Beaneeseensae woes eicce seein oe ee cnsniooas 66 
TERUIKS persemcreteeme noeboe coarbocrbber aepoce 106 
IO ahs) IDEM see cece camer o soma seer 85 
Black=billedt@uckoo-s2--«----beees === eee 80 
Blackbird, White-winged...-..-----.------------- 78 
TRG ET eset mo dees so aeees Sec 78 
Black breasted Woodpecker--.---------.--------- 80 
THRORNGEGL LOSS? ceoseaneencSs oSsaqcecheessscoss 89 
plac kenanledeD Gels ewe alee ee a 70 
COnplieaseece nieseoheceen eco Bt 19 
Black-throated Bunting. .-----------------+------ 73 
SONI LANONO Some cee ries S ser ecnesopcesenmeeos 73 
WKeEShOEn ces oc tent eee tna een 73 
Bitte GrousO tien annie tae ee eee saree nae an 84 
Blue’ Heron; Great --.-'..-< ---=-s --=- ----1-------- - 87 
Blue-headed Grakle.--=-5-.-.--s...---- ---.---=-- 78 
Blue-winged Teal .-...------------- -------------- 89 
TEN SOON? oa 5 Genera peoeer CeCe noe none tres bsececa 78 
Bohemian Waxwing ..----------.----.----»------ 76 
Bonasa umbellus wnbelloides -.---------- Sees seees 85, 92 
BO8 QMENCANUS.. =. 2226-25-20 ene wenn ns ooo === =~ 71, 91 
Boilers ranehvcessesee sere -.-seae eet iea= 17 


148 


Page. 

BOW eo aewiese nea anes. fo tem eee eee eer aoe 71 
Boxgbilderi@reek ese oo- = ee een ae alee 13, 76,79 
StahON ss ccs snc coc e cea seeseeeeeeen 13 

IBOZOMAN fat arsscc hee eee eee ee eee eee 17, 65, 67 
Brackett's (Creek: ss scese- 2s Sane secs eeese See eaee 16 
Branta Canadensis :-\ssasiens:<ooa, wanntod eens Soe Oe 
Brewer's Sulphur Spring ...-....2-.....-...----.- 114 
brid per Creek cn eiees see ea ee ee eee ee eee 65 
Monntains sc. 2222-5 ceseetaa-oe- == eel; 68279 

IP BSG ea teens oe eakioae ee eeteee eteeas 16, 83, 118 

Bridge over Yellowstone -..........-------..---19, 66, 74 
BrokengHOmn J <2 !eos,.c55 osteoma eine 26 
Brook; -Meadowi-s-s2nc2 sos eese ee ence coe eae 19 
Brownine;|\Captain@-s--5----— see ee ecisee ease 14 
Brownliat) a 2ee5 soe. cuts eacenscecece oeeeeeeee ane 68- 
ARHTUSh esac a= co eee se oe eee Cee vr 
IBEYO2000e = =— nen ote = ae Enea oasceuce 113 
BUhO WA GUMONUS). aoae an oe Soo oa ee eee 81 
Buceprataalveola- 22. 2 - = - 22 ses see 89, 92 
PUL AlOns =n = ec ec een eee aes ee Soa ae 63,71 
Créeksew 2c -55e ue eeisse sce eee eee 109 

Heart Mountai nee ace sane ese een eee 106 
Mountain’ s-6-2-.22 8 = ase cease aeons 71 

IRE UGS Seca ose aan os Sao Serer esSsoH Sess 35 
Bufileheadhe: = Ace. see oman oe chon isan tee eee 89 
iButord: hort.<5 ose oko sock camo ann ceaceweces 81 
Bunting, Black-throated! ---------.<=5.-: .--=-.--- 78 
IBUTTOWIN CLO Wilben ane aoa ee Sace ae Geese ns 86 
Burnt Creek. cose tesco sane seas cece eee eee sse cect 57 
te0 OVERS ee ee 8s een ee eee 82 
COUUIUS Fa oe Sect oe ee eae eee ROC 
SUAINSONG eae oe ao tee Pee once ee ee eee 
‘Buzzard; Turkey=<--2- -23. s-22 6-5 ee2cee< saiseece 53 

C. 

Galamospizeibicolor 22 ee 922 eat ae oo aie ees 73 
Callista:D eeu. <ces.c2 2 os sab op aes eee 126 
amas: Greekis-* cose. on ee en eee eee 114,115 
@am piBaker cece eeeamae le oe ee shee ae eases oath 
Cooke): 22532..2 53554 sates woceee See eee ee 35, 56 
WOWIS == aos sks Sateen eee neers 14, 107 
Campophyllum torquium..-.-. .-.< .<--s0<--0---<-¢ 110, 121 
Camptonectes bellistriata. <.-- a= — sates sees eee 121 
CLLENUOLUS = \—menere os ce eee ease ee QdLek 
@anada/Goose 2-.2225..--25ccenc--Sse5-sees Saco ene 88 
Gy oe ee aee 3. enn eet = aoe ne 63 


Gantida = 52-25 eee as 
Canis latrans. 


ae 63 
gi gee = 1648990 
OCCIUEN TANS hao eae ose een ee Acie eee OOOO 


Ganonior Coali@reek - 2222 cease, eee em eae 17 
Musselshelly.- = 22a8525 osha ee eee ce 84 
Yellowstone, Grand! =]... seen e. eee 22 

Second sa2=5.6--<--- ses ase- 18 

Gaprinwulgida 2 <2 ~ 2 oe wae an Sale ate eee Se 80 

Carboniferous iossilss2ce. o- eae eee oe ee eee 119 

limestone: =... s2i%2=c 5.) ose eeaeeee 107, 110 
TOCKSS =. 52. Sere tee eee eee 33 

Gancaj ou sas tence oops ke ose et ee ee 65 

Cardium speciosum...---- Sort Sea eee aes 126 

Carpodacus: cashini. === 5~-s2es sen ae ese ie oe ee OSL 

Camoll 2222 tesa teen a aoe ees ee oe ee 12, 14,101 

MOA =o haan ees noses Sense seem 11,15 


INDEX. 


Page. 
Cassin’s Parple (Pinch=---.=--c-eecse=s S22. see 76 
CastleiGeyserzoee =. 2. -~ 2s ea eee: wa aaee see 26, 132 
Castor canadensis... S;.. - ssc o one n ae coe Oe 
Catbird o.s2s22 red sn sence seats saniscie es eeoscaes 7 
Catamount)~-eeees -s cae ear et ono cleee eae 63 
Cathartes qurazss=- = sass Spo ene nee ea hee 2 ee 83 
Cathartide ss25 sae 2a.- teens a eee Oe caer 83 
Cedar-bitd’ 2225: 222 22-2 Asseeaeeeeesesees. ceeeee 7 
Gentrocercus mrophastanus aes esa aoe 85 
Certtide a ate are ee ie aaa ae ae 69 
Cennus CONGReNS18 <= a5 ot coe see Oe a nee ee 69, 91 
MACK OUS Se co co nas eee ee aR oes ee 70,91 
IMT GUNANUS, <5 So ee ae = Sean 70 
Corylealeyon wasae soo 25a eee eee ne ee 92 
GReetetes 2. ae oa eo = te ee eae SE 
Character of Hopley’s Hole. ..---..----.-.--.----- 111 
Charadriid@ qa 26 aoe seen ere ee eee ta) 
Chanilelasmiusistrepenis. = - === eee 88 
Cherryj Creek ras ee one eee ae 57 
Chestnut-collared Longspur 76 
Chickadee, Long-tailed ...-.......-.-=-----=--=-.--- 7 
Mountains se-- ose 5 ee eee ee T: 
Chippy“ Wester —2- - = 2222 -2222--0ee ee ee ee 77 
Ghondestes\ gram mac ene a2 =e a= Hen 78, 91 
Ghonetes 2: 35 22 sic 2 Son eso oe ee 129, 133 
QGranwUliferd 22.5 9e02<~ 2 sic = 2 eee ed 
MESOLODG 52 sees eae ae Se 121 
Subumbona, <.25,- 2-2-2135 ns- ~2oneseneseeee 129 
Chordeiles virginianus henryi .----«-.-------------- 80 
Clo-ysomeiris pins = =n =o ce ee 76 
ENSUS c= 5 = Saye poss ae So ee eae 76 
Cinch a= seca te ee eee ae 72 
Cinclus menicanus=.- 253-025 46e sone e Corea 72,91 
Cinnabar Mountain = 22-22-22. 222 se eeer oe ae eee 18 
Ginnamon) Beanies ess eee =e 66 
Circus eyanens hudsontuss-s2— = nee eae 81, 92 
Gistothonus palustre 2-22 a ees ea ee 74, OL 
Clacacetts 2. -e a. seen ae ease eee 33, 56 
Clarks! Crow, 20222 s a22 sein sea eee 79 
Clay-colored Sparrow: ---- -------- .----=--~-------- 77 
Cliff Swallows... <0 = 22 22t esse eee eee 75 
Coal Creek 2 ss2o 2 sa= sen ene eee 17 
“@oal(Group == =~ 222s eee eee ene 122, 134 
Series? 222 .snc2eee sae eee See seaee ote, ED 
Coccygus erythropthalmus ..---- ------ .----+-------- 80 
Qolaptes ena antane ee eee eee 80 
CUA CORES en 81 
METICANUS oe Sci Sac cae na = nee coe eles 
Cold Springi@reek < <2. 522 -s.c'at as ose ccc aaee eee 57 
Collurio ludovicianus excubitoroides ...-------------- 76 
BEIT AT Gy Oh ee ae eS ee Se ns oe 83 
Golymbid@ 225.252 22262 22 as coos aces cosa bee 90 
Colymbus torquaius)<22=-- 2-=-=5 2-226 ~ = ee eee 90 
Gommon Dove - =<: 20---.. <2 a9 ee 83 
Common wild Gooseee=-o--5=- == eee eer 83 
Concretions at Crooked Creek --...--..--------..- 101 
Coné\Botiie oo 5 oot eet Eee eee 71, 82, 104 
Contomis (borealss..—2-'.2=2~ =o oe ee 92 
virens richardsonii-..---.-.--- ete Sy eR 80, 92 
CoopertD tise 2 = == eae eee ee 84 
Cooper's Hawk 2: =. <2... a2 eos e- eee aaa 82 
Coot 22 - <2 ee aw neem oe ees ee eee 88 


INDEX, 


Page. 
@Oppar-OLereesaeteacics ac se cacntscuscccs woes Deel 114 
Coralanaeseeaterer. 2. «  oeee ay ose se WR Se 133 
Cond ieema meter ato oops aeierack see eee 79 
amine mertcaniaesnits -8% S22 se ae cane en oni fees 79 
CO UTS as Aereinntninfe'nialoa'= ae eee ieee aicas Sacce eae 79 
Cottonwood) @réele-.-\5...s.2 5.2 cechecce oc cceh ee -16, 109 
Coturniculus passerinus perpallidus .........---. ---- 77 
Cotile mipania ness se.coc2 = 22525 Seok 75 
Co wa Diutinove ters ts 58 0dr neyo ee ek eee oe 78 
Cov gtommommaeteaid o ssc ss sesso eee mei eens 64 
Crane Sand hillee sons vs stars oad ecye Sess sea US. 87 
Crassatella ices. ses0 ccna ss Resid sec eracneee 122 
UMOR esas as 6 58s Re Rae canton Ws Ur! 122 
Crater of Old Faithful...... ao seteceme aa ga cet oe. ds 26 
Crazy Woman’s Mountains..........-.-...-.------ 57 
Crepicephalus (Loganellus) montanensis .......----- 117, 141 
Cretaceous ¢lay sss. .a<< ce eo ode Sete seks 97 
INOS Aisas 3260 sees to oe fees OO 134 
NO soar asclcuo atceees ane cee nee tes 103, 134 
INGHG ass > 92. 5. soe arenes rants Rin, & 127,135 
Wrookedi@neoleses5 so.22 220155 ee re 13, 64, 101 
Crossbilh Medi y= a: 252. cekeewice Lessee of 76 
(CRE) Coshaq Bee ec eere tel meas sth enh Omir tictg: Riso oe 79 
FONG VOLO aries =m aes aa ays ke Se 57 
Grom Clark’heaae- A 2ots8e oe oP Meese 7Y 
CROW RSA Gas Oce ee een” ear renee 14, 15, 64 
CULO ESD 6 ane Ge ene oan AU ne ete eee 107 
Crystals of gypsum ...........-.- SS gemaeiecioae oe 99 
CEN pee ie oa PI Smt oS eo o> cates ae 80 
Canlew long illedites-ss eas 22-2. 25- 2s eo 87 
CUANGEMe MAM ONG sae 5 see as neers = Jae ees eae = 78, 91 
Gyonumiatcnistatuay. o= (oc 20265s..dSee..s Se acl oe 79 
stelleri macrolophus ..........-- Fecaeeeoce 79, 92 
Cyathophylloid coral. .-..--4525-2.2-225-.. ele 110, 121 
VO MMSLUUCCIN CLOT ame = eee tam, x \ Saray se he AA 88, 92 
Guromypi(Udourcianns; a9 2-2. sk oe eee 67 
OU SIND RURsentave a a ays or Sect on es oe AES 121 

D. 

LDC TRIE SAREE See CEE Cee OEE ees 88, 92 
Maik yeWean\Creekesss oa 2* Se etos ceca. sees, 15 
LD TRE Tb Te Seo eee eee aa eer 9, 97 
DEN EOU AG eMe Ceport Of a25,5.02- 5-20 sao ee 136 
MeeniGneekss eames se eae ees he eo els 15, 114 

Deongblack-tatledie se... 252-. sick e eae e ace 7 
Win eleyone Metal n es NA Se ee ey 70 
LCG ASE Se ae re on ae ee ane 70 
Wwe -tatledetece secs seeee non eae OFS, 70 
Deer’ Creek; White-tailed.........---.--t..-.-.... Fo, 115 
DON CON CRIUG =e erway aoe sno e efsbeeke duce ho. 74 
GUOMDNN ree 3c 22 case ee se otek 74,91 
Deposits walluvialese essa ee, oe 97 
Descriptions of new fossils ....................... 141 
Mesentydahoscsmeasee sinc heer we ee Ly ker 3) 21 
Destruction of geyser eraters..................... 26 
TDG aS TS id ener, se ter Mane ob eevee een) Woe iady! 18 
Wionkshopysssonupeemecie sae stn eine es 23 
WD INOS ADTS) se oal 3 kaa cro ee pe es ps dou, 135 
LDV) Te eemieroe mete nena eran oe «Ae a ne a eel 72, 89 

Distances on Missouri River from Bismarck to Ben- 

RO Doers =, Sepa stays eee ee ee eae 53 
Distribution of the formations..................-. 132 
Diver Great Novbnernce! = 2: a eee Baie ys | a 90 


Page 

MoriRiversers sean aues sae ciace acres cocectes baso8 55 

DovcnonyxiOryevoruss-a2--52 ssoqss028e-cOsey eck cs 78 

WOVeGuCOMMOR. “= ehas, = oe pee eckcReL: Aa see 83 

FHOLC -pcaacca cee eee see aiaeral rere feta 83 

Downys Wieod pecker ..sss..s2e's s2e2)ss- ess eeseee BL 

Drift near Missouri River .........----sc--- ee. 101, 135 

WUCk Guay gas aansseees se testes eects Teese ee 88 
Bin-tallesss neces cs ceeeees opeeaes seeks saat 88 
Wihite-winged Suri .-ssss-2=25 22528245255.) 89 

WUCke Creelan seca nee eek eee ene ones Sao 57 

TOULO as shee va ooe ag soe eee oe 15 

Drak aReaw ite sine seas eee sealeween cose sees es 82 

WupktyGrouseseacss22 s vaccetese tees ed oe cleeek 86 

HaelenGoldene a8 sso 9. Sone a ee 53 

iW ihite-headediee-sen aa eeey eee es ee 83 

asternyMontiananes sees eee ae see Pee eee 89 

Hast GallatinoRante te os. 2 see jo-2 ss soe se 118 

Hal opisies Migh atonal sneer sees scenes meee 83 

Ble phantisun Gkaesasts aoe sameness eee 20 

LOS re ee S Ra ties Be ee eae <A mae ed we a Rr 69 

Creeks Bioeaee nt aeees asec ot Se dee ee 57 
Dit tihlas eet oes cet oan eer eyes St ee 57 
SAL Td =) 9 SB ee Oe Pe et Ae Sane ee ee 113 

BHU SHB OT b eee ees. oe en ee hs A 16, 130 

LOH CIT DPSS at ee as ee epee we ee 2 116 

miprantini cakes = ake ce Soa dehy ee, Ae 17,82 

DECED LCL OTC AND USUUCRLS er een ae ed rs 92 

Eporeodon -..---. Pee o eat ae ne ee ee netics 116 

Lremophila alpestris leucolema........--..-----.--- 74 

HPUNIZONA CUCU MINUS! os ne se oe ee a oe ee 69, 91 

TOOT Uae Bins See OM ER Oe SEE eee ee ee 121 

ESP E COMMENT CON Ors ee eee ae tet beens ee 78 

F. 

Falco columbarius (?) richardsonii ....-. ..-- enc o San 82 
COMMUNI ONAN. 22 3c 2 teste xe eae Bence 82, 92 
lLamianius-polyagrus =< - ee =5= = es eeee ase 82 
SON UONTUR me aN tm lac ah rhe See 82, 92 

Falcon, American Lanner ...--..----.--.--. ---.-- 82 

ichardsonigys sssansee 5-8 se 62 
TURUCONIA CEs Pee cere Mec ke ee egy Bt EN Bae 81 
HallsvofetherVellowatone) 22-2. .--b ee ness 26 

OW Ghee on Sane ee oe 21,72 
Wippersse<s sccutten- et es 22°73 

Bank Gey SeRer eng ck aces eee ne ts oe ee 29 

WELOS PARP ers se ok 5 = oes, te een eave we cise s 105 

DCU TT Ses 5 Bos RO EEC PEERS! Che ty eRe aA 63 

HOU CONCOLO I. = tater aa aos y= ayo as ig ae 63 

HennUoimous) bla Wikeeee sss a ae hey Sa eee 83 

RUD Gia UCL CUBIE ery ee ee we = oe ee ee 65 

Bunch Cassinis Parpley- =<cs-2-0s=2-sosqcemeese 76 

Grass sie eeee = <2)... satera dine She Se 77 

Geert ne ete LEE e a gee 78 
Pagalipy ees ass bees Sees Beas das ceaes 78 

RI Geant Ae 8 a GA eee a ede ek 76 

PEL QIOUUUV Geet ara mat eee shag wy San Soe a ets 25° 
Walley tees tet oases Be ee Se 66 
IHS rn aks Ree ee ee I a top ecteeeines 383 
Mlaihes Ol Creek os. csekcn sic cca ce -eicase Ce 118, 123, 134 
(RSSS YES to Aso ese os te eh ces atron els 134 


150 INDEX. 


Page : Page. 

INE sae no coacsoosos Hea cessaeiccescess asocescs 81 Grand Geyser 222-22 ---- e222 en ean = 26, 131 
Flycatcher, Arkansas .-.-..----------------------- 80 Granitic rocksijess-).22.-" see ee = oleae 132 
Says fa--s=-)---> o-oo ee ee 80 Gass Minchin. eo oe eee ane cee sees 77 
Forks of the Musselshell ....-.------------------- 83 Gray, Duckjssee ene ee al 88 
Bort Bentonass--- == += =-—- 22 na= eae 9 Jaycee see eae a ce e ) Bes 52 ee eae aoe aso 79 
iBertholdleasce.- --as se jeweea teehee eemeser es 11 WhO Beene ee ee ok: 5. eee 63 
Bator onc aee te ee ee ees 11, 81 Great Blue Heron2=e =o pape eee ae =e 87 
Liste eee eee orce se Oe Re ee LOS SO Horned Owl -2ee=- eee ee nee foeree 81 
TE oe in Oe Se ee es 11, 13, 80 Norther Divere-o- see eee eas 2-322 = 90 
Hawi cee Bee eae ee eee 11 Yellowshanks..-...---- Bee SaaS E ao oe 87 
Stevensons22=t-- 223 8-5 sare setenee ee ee 11,65 | Grebe, Horned....-.-----------+-------------+---- 90 
PIERRE GLO M plese ete 99 iPied-pilled 2 =) = ae eee 90 
LOSS ISO feos ne see ES 101 Greene; Bi seee nes ea een eee eae 3a 9 
Union Groups-=: 4526-2 -secere een eee cees 135 Green-win sed Real 2-2 fae see aa ae 89 
CRORSITMORNE 7 eon caro ake ee ee eee 102 | Grinnell, George Bird ...---...----.----.---- ----9, 62,97 
FG 22k ee ee a ee ee 102 Grizzly Beare 225 asses a ee ee — 66 
ossils, anvertebrate .-.-9-2= === s2n-- eee === = 96 Gros Ventres oi the Prairie .----- -------- ---- ---- 64 
TOLLED TALO oes aes ce ee eee ee 96 Grotto Geyser 2-25-25 5-> ==> see eee 25, 132 

Fox Eills\Group=-=: --st--ss2222s4 eee ee == 103, 104, 134 Ground Squirrel, Missouri .--.- ---------------- ---- 67 
ox (Kitano cs ee ae ee nee Se 64 ichardsoms ss ses = === =—=-==—— 67 
Tera t ey a i ne ee ee Ee EE eee ae 64 Gronse, (Blue Sees. = pee ae eee eae 34 
Gwilftieaaioe we se ee ore oe Sana oe ee eae 64 (DUSICY; sos ee eee 84 
Beeman Ma joel see a eel 15,76 Rocky Mountain Ruffed --.---.----------- 85 
Han GALIGC ee ae ae eee eee aioe ae aa 76 SH) pooese Saes= Qsneee Sane See ees o= = 85 
Rulitas GMENCANG a= Se aso re eee eee ee 88 Sharp-tailed . .... .----------------- ------ 85 
TET CaTLOS soa ase cansss 65255552020 ona sea 20555 89 Gor ee 87 
Fusus Galpinianus..---. .----------------- La Pe nme 103 Garus Canadensis so 2255. 25-6 2 ae a ee ae 
Grypn@@ ~~ 2-= = 222 wn =e me -= =v = ee 112, 122 
G. planoconvera ..---. ---------- --------=-- 121, 142 
(PAR RSATT ee eet ea ee Per, 88 Gulch, Emigrant..-.-......---.------ ------ -------- 45 
PARE Pe ie et ee Ee he eee ge ee ged 112 Gull ine -billed sess = see eee 90 
Gallatin River, Middle Fork......---...---------- Eee | ee ee Sa pee ee aaa a 
IWATE adaand see sepeean sen cceecancoeseass 15, 120 isk F 

Galiimuqomnilsontie sees a ea 86 LGU. OS OUT US a eee 125, 135 
Game, destruction of. ..-.------------------------ 59 Haliaétus leucocephatus ....-. .------=---~----------- 83 
Git) DUNN .ooneacbeeseescnes cose eeeg.coseac secre 64,111 iancock=y Mount aesses = see aaa a ee 20 
(Gardinersaallisiee ratte eae eae eet ee 19 IER ATG WI RALGTC eee aang ee 66 
IRivep tes ee eee ae eee eee 15, 68 Harporhynchus rufus ..-..----..----------+ ----+--- 73 
SDSS aoe cosssscces Eee See 17, 83, 86 Harris’s Woodpecker. .----- ..---- ------ ---- ------ £0 
General conclusions-----. ..---- .----- ------ ------ 132 Hawk, (Coopers =--- sa-— 2 -ee eeee eeeee 82 
Re DOL iH eee a ee ee 9 DW@kcas sos Seer ee Gee eee 82 
Geological report....-..--------.----------------- 95 LSTA OUSY coen es Sees ceesea Sse SSS Sec 83 
Geothlypis philadelphia macgillivrayt.--------------- 75 LO Wess eeeeictnicen casseceeoace ssquoosesse 83 
AACR oo sos CS et at eee nae eeeeae 74,91 Marsh!sc 32. bys sc bee Sasa oe ee eee eee 81 
Ger Ini CN eOl a eee ne ae ee 121 Redstatlediee so: ea se - tess ee eee ae 82 
FPO D RE em nem aceaes s2e5sescocecose We Rouchlecwed see ens eee eee eee 83 
Geyser Basin, Lower. ---..----- .----- ------25, 80, 86, 130 Shanp-shintied tes sacs) eee ene ee 82 
Wppere-e=a-- as eee eee eae 12, 16, 25, 131 Sparrow... --- Ras sere eee Bee eee &2 
Geysers of Yellowstone Park ----.---------------- 30 SWINSON Ae 2 a. oe ee eee coe 82 
Giants at ce ce cis Soe een ee eee ae 96, 132 WesterniRed-tailed 22 2222 2222" 22 -- - 82 
Giantess! 2 oe oe te oe a Seen come eee aa Te eagitams 1S 108 WV a8 5 se ssa costae sosessstSsese: 9,18 
Giants (Thunb 22-60 o2= Seeeeeeee eae oe eae 18 iHaymakes: Creeksn sce. cecenos2 ste =ns son eee 15, 111 
GlgUCONOM Gio e ee eee ee eee 129 Heicht of Lower Falls -.-....------.----- -2---.-- 22 
Golden-crowned Thrush.----- ------------ -------- 7A plateau at Carroll! 2°. . = 222 = -e nee 100 
Goldenvllacle pease eee at ee #3 lUppper Walls ese. see sea eee ee 21 
Golden-winged Woodpecker ---.-------.---------- 81, 95 HUG WN ho oe es Speen estess sss 13,15 
Goniaphea melanocephala ...- ---------------------- 91 Ta ile RR oe ens 100 
Gopssnder ce ea eee eae ee eee eee 89 Heron, (Great Bloe oss sence men nae ean eee e7 
Goosen @anada--c..-e =e nee oe eee eyseneck ens 88 FETCRD CLOMO) 8 ema tn aetna ag 67 
Common) Wildi.2- 62-655. eee eee eee eee 83 leucopus sonoriensis ..-.--.---------+---- 68, 91 

ShOwWee-7 see eee eee eee 83 AIS Sweet Grass)-s522 46 bb Sate oe eee ees 71 
Goplletceesces sate = ee Ree aso OsesS0586e* 68 Bivindinidae & 2.2255 55 Be hee teees ee eee 75 
Grakle, Blue-headed -...--..----.------ eouey.£2ee 78 irundo hort eorunt oa 0c ose ee en ee ee 75, 91 
Grand Canton of Yellowstone .--..-.-.--------..---. 22) {RAMEN G enone ae oe ee eee ee 75, 91 


INDEX. 151 
Page. Page 
Hooded) Merganser.-.--...---.--.-2- .----- ---s-- 89 AUGNVIR MM WOUG DECK ON sets ceisieetelsaene ccs =e ease eoe ae 81 
H@QWENHA EOI S-a56eGecopececorcers seaeeeeenoce sayy hl Liberty Cap ..--.. Sete eta eee dee 15 
aA NG HE - cas cdcceteEboeee oe —o HeSeEEEeSSco 105 (cronive Moun tales seen ene meee a atmee a feaae 63 
Horned doe-antelopes barren ...-....---.--------- 70 Liopistha(Cymella) undala.......----------------- 103, 126 
(CREE) oo5 cet ostipodeeeoospeeer GaSecres soc 90 Ihistiof Mammals)and BirdSes-. 22 -~ = ees el 63 
Owl, Great .----..----. -----. .----------- 81 siti ese ltiVMonnt dine aeseeee eee =seee ae eee eae 14, 84,111 
ILAIME cess anoesd ogecce ppobSsee cece naoboees 74 Crooked Creek:.2- 2 <2 2.22.5 os steno2 13, 72, 80, 101 
Tnlo fsynmae (CE nes Sapo nonoes osuece dseeeo ee eoe 57 Missouri). 28.) ec ee eeaecceceeesenbencdse 65 
House Mouse =~ .--22- -.-.------ soo - ee ee nee === 68 Iie y WG NIURYI:| 555 Sop cocgec dgomerehoeeeS 33, 127 
Vivikin, WGEURM Scogeene bac eos cen enor ecoe 73 Rockey Creek aes ae ente see elas ee ESATO CCE. 34,128 
I8heweay serene), MUON Gada eee Soee ceribon econ sees core 14, 20 Mimber Creekise-s.s2aee ateoo=t eo noe ee os 57 
Hystricida so opcisoccogSsnescdeces, soeecccseonondeds 69 PROUT OGG ee eee ne ee on ive oem oneness 109 
I JOQUYTES UG SUC Ue SS ECR OS obb Son 2es sec eau seen S 86 
: Wonps piled Cuplo wees aaa tee ate ee eee lars 87 
LTHGRGE RAS Se Reese p= Seen CORRE Coombe seor eoneee 75 AACR Wire reese ok ke ee 74 
Teteride...-.- Seg Wale aT aa 48 bone CLresuedid ayeeeoe eee eee ease enlace 79 
Teterus bullockii ..---. .------+- +--+ .2+--+ s++2++---- 91 Longspur, Chestnut-collared ......--.-.---.------- 76 
HGP DEENA peocke snooee seocesse “6 52ese6 cece dene 21 NTRCGOW TA t Lee ee a 77 
NiO COT SBR S SEB 5 Dene seo cibecs aoe 101, 103, 122 Lonc-tailed Chicadee 7: 
St ota adeens sconces oe ee eee eee : 
(EITOICTEUNI B= Gaooag Sachse mo a6 oan Q SoS 101 TT Te Se a tect cate Oe) og sete AY tk od 90 
5. ILO MME EM Eas) Hoe Sonera rbeaso sey Spode ssc 75 
le RENE asec Sac ceric code noncdsonuosiice sHbseo 7 
Jietaes Oni) 10 aE eSee eer Goebontssocsesccesce 76 Mosyey aa : a us 
: Loxia curvirostra americana ..----.----+-----+------- 76, 91 
Jinivy GI eck cbde 5bse See Ssenosee seed Jaeere cosas 79 A a 5 
= STTUGEN CL OCCULENULQUAS = tate aeration tml ee 11 
IUGINGR CHEN IEC l Se Seacdie Sono ose gonecuo cence orerae 79 : 
; OGIO Che ac sa< oe econ So on06 Goes esseesececs 101 
Janay Chemie pashodeedd econ tonsSaaevenebecscuoddecse 29 = ee 
fonds, Captain 9.18 TLanilhonw, WIM oe cece on cses oaotcosaces Seenee Cenc 10 
So Ae SAT OF en ane SE Rive i” aa Stee, SN Wii oo ocae senoan canaoe conece -noncboteh Oe ee 
Rldichvbadelnan dee ss meee sere eee reser s eee 55, 124 ! : ol Na ae 
Basin 9.14 Lunatia concinna...-- (DGEeRab AecoUS AcmiecaUcranese 103, 126 
MMMENEG ST ares chalet ohn BE TET TUOR ED gaceae Senees Baceac paooSeccocdacnone 65 
(G@Peseoodecomocbesce cneosd dessa eseseo 14, 64, 111 Leesa 63 
GUNG HINS eee ese ee nee es 14, 70, 87, 103 Tea Pima hoe GEE Ee : 
; (CREGE) conc ceneeopeocHocoScHn ooeee se ceese: 63 
IMIG Bor Geri sbe CAE OG BED EEOIne Seed BOOS maaC 14, 64 . : ‘ 
a 2 Lynn canadensis ...--. .----- ------ ------ ~-----= ---= 63, 90 
JPR WDE eee oS scons. Asean eeese cece 68 
= (PUD coocma sosengdcbes sodteeedcosscsnesesas 63, 90 
IUINOCRA OUD Ssase cpescosoemae poecouneeesss.so05 Mino 
JITETTIO ocesce sadtesghonen seocupasuceqtoasEnageH 119, 133 M. 
K. Maccown’s Longspur..-..-----.----------- +--+ +--+ 7 
RAB eaed St iiaae nt ee es ee ee 85 WGA TTIAG Oh iiscccen sod oo ceod cass=sGrs5 sescenc: 9, 33, 35 
Te] NAG Le ee ee 80 Mactra sp.---. ..---- ----- ----------- += =--- +-22-- 101 
Tinie a ae er eee ee eee eC 80 MAID += --- 2 noon ne eons wee eee nee - 103, 144 
TRS) Re ee en ee ie ge Re ee G4 Warreniana .-.--------------------------103, 126 
Madison River, East Fork of..--.----.------------ 25 
Lie ae Gp et ease ens ee eee een eee 79 
AGONY SP UILC AIS female =a == stat e\n lal eiel sels elvis = aie et =n == 91 Wallardis cs cenelsocciaineee se see == eee) 88 
alkvomvellowshonererae:isere aan caecntemccee a sa-ee 24 Mammals, list of ---------------+ +--+ ------------- 63 
IATUNIG, ence concet os eees bDeoso cope stoces ones poneso 112 Mammoth Hot Springs-.-.-.---- ----------------- 17 
LEGRDITUE cic CaCO QUES DE OSE DA IADR SEES BOHOL PEE oa 76 WEG EIN seciecnoc sce RES Ce BbOOdee bere Heeer re bocay 11 
Lanner Falcon, American......---...---------.--6 82 Mareca americand..---..----«---------------+----- 88 
Tighe: ees eeon dacieod ee noose EE kere SOE Seo a ease sce 90 Marsh, O. C..---.-------- ++ --00+---2+ 222222 e ree? 96 
Ibpiik TS Ne See narirese sae eisuee COnCOnSEer one eae 78 Marsh Hawk..----.---------------- Soonda: tenecibe 81 
Tharke"Homedi.oo.c5=s3-cc2 sca. sSecisccetees see 2 74 Marsh-Wren, Long-billed...--- .------------------ 74 
HONG REE aeee nec. ok, Sec ner ea emaaee secs 74 NES eceesb Ce eeee Bebbee benees bese Gres dencorc 65 
Wrestenn' Meadow -c-wece-cr-<--.cenesaeeee = 78 Martin, Purple.----..------ ------------++-2ee8+--- 75 
GOs | CelQwarengisa aus esq = consa< + acede\sase <ehs-5- 90, 92 Sand ..---. ------ w---+ -----2 2+ -2re seo 75 
Wazulix Pinch * ee. seen sate Skene Sasa see 73 | Maryland Yellowthroat.---..--------------------- 74 
Meas Sand pipersses+ ae 8=-ne- oe neeee seen eect ns 2 86 | Meadow Brook ---------------------- +----+++----- 20 
ENOTUABR waite soos nie a tane sr e= oelecwnecea senna Ses 69 Meadow Lark, Western .--- ---------+-+------------ 78 
GED USO LEMUSTO a a antam = = fallen as =| 2 alse Sees 69 Medicine Peak..--.-.----------- meeesinge ace Sco eeEo 57 
OAR ene eco oe aoe tose risa eS eebeae ses 91 Meeting of the Three Waters 
campestris ..-.-------+-----++----++----+---- 69 Melanerpes erythrocephalus .----- -----+--- 
HeESSOL Dac lcHOdGiass catalase Goals <ooiokissic Gale Stewtecs« 89 lorquatus ..----------+-----+---+---+---> 81, 92 
Vellowilerseascsesemesse= seeeee Mi da eee 87 Melospiza melodia fallax ..-.------+-++----+ ++ veeeee 7 
Meters! op wang Mitbalyaciscsmae aoeie seem ese see ee 9, 62, 96 Mephitis bicolor .---------+----+------1+>- DOSED ISOS J 90 
Lewis, Camp ..--....- Masvecinviericg aches cieeetenc steel ay LOY mephitica ..--- BCORCEEC SORE RO Por En, Gage 


“152 INDEX. 
Page. Page 
Meccansen selooded eemecer a= ertee ene eee sete 89 Northerni@alitonniae soos eee eee eee 84 
Mer GUS CUCUILALUS em ~~ ome = = 89 Northern Diver, Great..--5.ce---< 2-2-2025 a iAN 90 
TIGR Oa Poa Sa GaSSE SOTO OCS SES SeecUSs—5 89; 92 PHalaropers-22--e eee eee: ae th 8 eee 86 
Wien, C6 18 eo3sc sangee cessed essere 72 se250 61, 83,90 | North Fork of the Musselshéll............ ..----- 112 
Merychyus .----- -----+ +--+ -+++--- 2290360 = 20595355 116 Norton's (Creckin-- 22 eee tee peioect te ¥ os ectomee 123 
DUNS CO.0 GEN STS pale ea ae ee 72, 91 Numenius longivosivis .. 22-222 2-2--2 .-.-----00222-- 87 
WIND 55250 552550 552600 sbocsocsaess esssecs5 022956 65 Nycticgus crepuseulais..-=-- 2.2ses-o=- 222--- e222 - 90 
Miocene sent ahyiesa-sen eee ea eee 115 
Missouri Ground Squirrel ----==---- --2--%, -----5-- 66 0. 
River, alluvial deposits of...........-.-- 97 Obolelld.-.- 0. +--+ 22-2 22-2 222 ee even eee ee eee eee 7 
Slevolatle see sco cee eee 74 (Gdemianpfusca => 255-25 ~2e eee eae «=o Sa ee 89, 92 
Molothrus peconts. <eocsc =e eee ee ee 78,91 | Old Paithful.-----.---..-.-----.-------+-----.--- 26, 131 
ICTR ee eee Oe pr ener aS oo 9) ee ae 69 Olive=backedwihrushtossss = eaeeeeeee ae eee 72 
Moss Agate Spring 116,117 | Ovegon.----------- ---.+---+2 +2225 e222 222 eee a 
MM OMCNUAR Se = aoe cn SS Ee PE a eee 74 snow-bird .-..------ ----+-----+------:---- 7 
Momntitancoeksss-ese-ee eens SSSA A AERA eceee 20 Oreodon..-..- 2--- +--+ 2222 ee ee ee snes 3 ue 
Em phteys’ css. ss eeetees eee ee 20 Oveoscop tess MOMS 28 pe eee eee ee 72,91 
Sheridaneeee ee oe ee et te eee 20 Onthoceras | seacccn + 20s = eC ee Ee eee en 107 
SWiashibuiniGrect oc att ele ec ee ees 20 @xrthoclas@ cease sae es te ae eee eens 105 
NMountamg. uftalomessee eee een eee nee ese ae Zi OS ee eee 112 
Chickadee et ose ee ae ee ee 73 CONG CSU parame ecicias eee eee ee 105, 110, 113, 121 
Ot cece eee a es eee pg ae 63 Oller). <.<-0. setae soe mesa ee eee seers 65, 63 
Mocling= birdies -2ce.-2seess enone. 72 ius paltstis sac coss cea 5 senior eeee en sae es 8L 
Plow ere ae eee eee a 86 Otus vulgaris nuilsonianus.-- =< - eee ee eee 92 
Sleep Goes ohn ewes ee ee Rema 70 OMG soaps Jonsson sss ape ee eee eee 7 
Mountain-elevation, period of.......----...-..--- 37 Ovis montand .----. +++ ----2+ 2-220 22-2 eer eee eee 70,91 
Mountains; Bears! Paw = 22.225 .22esceate neces 13, 55 Owl, Burrowing .----- .----------+ ----++-++s------ el 
Big Rel ceed tose ea eee ee 115 Great; Hornedeass< cs -- oe eee eee 81 
Bitter Root ssseneseeeaiece seeemoseee- 120 Short-eared ...---------+---+++---+ +--+ sass BL 
OrazyaWOomMmMan!S\secea senate sees 57, 120 P. 
AMIN 85 eeast6 asec scaaadesen cece 14,70, 103 Paint Pote:c sk tenck coe ee eee 25,131 
Little Belt -.-.....--..-----...---. 14, 84, 110 Pandion haliaétus ....s-.-----.-- Se N eae ees Lene 83, 92 
Rocky .-.--- ----++-+---+--- 2-5-4 33, 127 Panopea occidentalis .....-----.------.----.------ 122 
3 SNOWY)------ ---- ~--- y--2-- = one 15, 109 IPR Td Ge ee ee a Po 73 
Sweeb Grass...-.----.--..----+-.+-2-- 71,79 Park, Nationall-s2t.*.-s2-csscee see. sooo ee 63 
: SSLDTSHER BEC Sa ORR emer Coen 57 | Partial list of Mammals and Birds..........2----- 90 
Mourning Warbler, Western ..--.-.---.----------- 74 Parus atricapillus septentrionalis. -.-----------.---- 73,91 
Mouse, House BRS is ain isiceie oe sone nine se eisin sate ier 68 MONEANUS oon = cee eee anaes eee eee Sees 73, 91 
AW UNE Sasentdd Sadc soe Seeeed ase ace cades 68 Pass) Brid 260 etos cere noce ee Sete Se eee : 82 
sea ra Be ee ee Carl ict aka seri aac G8 ia] GPassencorsPigeonsecesci-eeee- eee oe eee eee 83 
estern! Wihite-footed|;.- 2-2. 2.---22-.45-.. 68 Peele, HOLl- oy ace ent ge ee ee 80 
Mnud-geysers .----..-.---.---+------ +--+ -2--+-+---- 23 Pediacetes phasianellus columbianus..---------.----- 85 
Mud-hen. SAIC ORTIR AACE RCS 9000 DECOR OS IeSna cic sae 88 Policanm Cred cscs Ssaccte sss eee eee eee 24 
WAGE ALLE Sees a3 Sa9 sce SS o7- a5 Se sais ah eee 151 0 oP elican Whi Gel == eee eee mene 89 
Male Deer .----. +--+ +--+ 2222-2222 eee eee ee eee 70 Pelicanids = 225-25 2s.sce ne eee sees ee eee 89 
MUrid@ «++ 02-222 eee eee eee eens eee ee eee eee 68 Pelicanus trachyrhynchus--...---.+------+---------- 89,92 
Mus decumanus --- + - +++ 22+ 22-2 22222 2 eee ee 68 Period of mountain-elevation.............--..---. 137 
MUSCULUS «== + 22 eee sees eens eee eee eee ote : 68 Perisoreus canadensis capitalis ....-..-----.-------- 79, 92 
Muskrat. --- s-------7---o22en20veee 2ee on esa oset 68 Petrochelidon/lunifrons aos2 = =a seat era e eee se 75, 91 
Musselshell River, cation of..-..-.--..-.---... -=«. 84,111 Phalarope, Northern ..-.--.--..-2-----ee--+ --e-e- 86 
forks of ---.---...---.---------83, 112 Plalanopodid@e San. ome = aoa e tee ahs aaah oe ee 86 
MOINES OF S225 555n55-e56 ses0 ALO | SP HOlaAOMY a emerson nook cnc eee ee 122 
BARES TC LOR CITE) MOO Cmratnrale miele = arate mie eee a eee 65, 90 SUDDEN CORU;.'3 coca ee ok ee 126 
Mustelid@ .-~ +++ ++ 22+ 2220 se 22 sere seers eee eee 65 Pica melanoleuca hudsonica...--.---..---+--------- 79, 91 
Myacites (Pleuwromya) subcompressa .----..--------- 121, 142 Picicorvus columbianus...--...---+ «--2se aeccee tee 79,91 
Myatina (Gervillia) perplana....--.--------. .-<--. 121, 143 SPCR TaN scrtetec ee sec. pes eC 60 
Myiodioctes pustllus .-..., ----20 22+ -00r------+------ 91 Picoides Gy OR CUB Me ooo icla oo ee eee 92 
N. americanus dorsalis ......----+ s----------- 92 
IN GT? CONCH OBR OS mete lole elle neler 126 PACUS UD GROANS cemen wae eee eee ae eee 81, 92 
National Pank<s-s2....5--conceceesstdecionemeoncsaees 69 VILLOSUS RAVINE ona ctonwecemerteensuneeecemes 80, 92 
DN COCOTYR ODN AGUED nooo 3 nee mue ow sae eeeee we eeic ea - 74 Pied-billed Grebe...----. .----...-- SQonasseosass 90 
Newland Creek. - << )--.---sccesescece Sobosiocecos 114 Pigeon, Passenger - ..---..=--- Sees eee Seepsosess 83 
BV 25108 (OO OD CNG minim nim ala) = ale ot alm ntalgelel =e) es 81 Pigeon Hawk...-.. Sot eScssdSssseeasesss0sse soc 82 
AFUBOUA seleeinistotimimic ein mieecteis RoOOOSOneGo Ss = 81, 92 Pine |Hinchive sees sa eee e nee en ei ele : 76 


INDEX. 


Page. 
BRRURETE CE PULLOT i ee ie amine ni cminincacanann nan tpovenad 113, 143 
Jake OD pitt: 5 = es 88 
Pipilo chlorurus ...-. eatanteein Sata ne ee se a 91 
LOL EDLG TD CERT, a a Ae OE 78 
Platycrinus ...... oS eS Ee See ae oer 121 
Plectrophanes maccowni -.....-----.-s000sa--- ade 76 
ORTULIRLG peetes oiaiwrets mire s'c vetsha in i Pesta tne Se 77 
PHocene Tertiary...............0.<- ave Sefdeeioatene se 115 
JG Ge UNG Gel) Si ee aera 85 
IG aE nt SE eo eo ee 86 
Upland ...--...... wirain tee ek, Se cetee 87 
PEDO COIR COMTLEUS Sacra reo ho ccna a EE REE 90, 92 
PRR LECT Caer etre | Sapa nancis minia)s joining ae ee 90 
BERURLY TT U US YBOU LOGI S assrana ms pararcea Stav oie vomit la xe 6 90 
TRON VV CUET os ene ee Se ee 80, 85 
Porcupine, Yellow-haired.........---. .ocso0e----- 69 
LRORGITA ~- 2 5. See een Lee ee ree 132 
URN ESLON GS nose chien, acs time otee Re eekeewe 114 
ASTRO RDG vaya orcas dome Sot eva ooo snonscee - 67 
OX ferrrere arene 3 SA RES BRE ERC eae Beer 64 
TOT) 2 Se Serena Seas ane eeee 69 
Nqulmely Striped = cse—- eee ee ssenlaseeeeee 67 
WiOlfivsce tee eeaesceenasccasces Gonccnecece : 64 
HAVON MMPI ANSTOCKSatesacos)sesceice es aiasa sce tess 132 
AEN O LAIR SEM ES Rea at daa meciaceiere ne aceieciaeisciesisu 2s 132 
EPOCH OR ILOLOI archer raw) charters Veiaicuhefatate eacic al tiseisetanscele 66 
PEN ODULCLULS Worse pte cenare te reas wid alahelsrajalwiteta Stone atarcharavatctere 129, 133 
CONM na gala aren sieht aaa diwietersteywalataiseetayaicteie 121 
COSTOWIB) 410 sae on se oa cone cooccods bos 121 
NUL STAGE a eer elcrawia torte iene eta ee OSA S 
MOUNECO UB ca catw cermin 5 erm Apstocseedesosu 113 
Nebrascensis ....------ erties jesesee che 121 
PFOUENANUS. 2 <uswe woanlewe ne ieee ess peeal ie ya ab 
PUT CULO Ne a Neenre ta eee larcta errr ae TSS 113, 121 
SEM CU CULATUS <6 ca cane soe enone oese Scars 113 
Wortheni....--. eames dela ek ice seea 110 
Profile-section from Carroll to Cone Butte ....---- 102 
Little Rocky Mount- 
QINS fans ecesls5s- 127 
PEMOGN SUIS) 3 Sas sss as aid fa ane iascte<s sss oases 75 
‘Prong-horned Antelope ......---..---.0 .-2-sseeee 70 
Punch*BOWwlss2-jesesceesisoseccesss dese sececcl ee. 26 
Burple- Minch; Cassin’s' - 222626. sscecs e-ses- secs 76 
Martin= 224 --5-' avian aces eee ss 75 
EULOTIUSR PUT NUS cas cetcsedecas cole cacece'snnccuws 90 
MEROMemesina sd aiectascis on came a oe saaes Saeceraie 65 
HWVRAM a aaa set Jcods 24 eeeeedscelaccecccaecie 26 
Pijrang@ Wudovichand 2acocn fa eaeswes= oecwe econ anne 75, 91 
S Q. 
Quadersandstein-.-..... ......-.. Qacse eases oss 107 
Our aha ase aeeiee setae anon ethics mew nace neces 105, 113 
Quahernarysccetssoleaessacecs) sO2s ao sasceclcs cans 135 
Querquedula carolinensis. .--.-.-2----.-0--- -2=-0=-- 89 
Gigcorsassesed.csce eats Sealab Mate ai 89 
R. 

AURCCOGN: 2650. sea See ene se oe Bhs cece cee ak pieces 66 
TALS 1 a Wooten one eee we aeeese Saas, 88 
Hic LOW Wepre aay aio temo een eet Sale e wars Sieeod 68 
UAV Ole Oe Se eet nea a oe ae ramen ae tee ee ox an 79 
Recommendations relative to National Park. ...... 36 
Recurvirostra americana ...-....----- RRR Se Teen 86, 92 
Recurvirostride...--- SRR eIC OOO R MACH CUO a cicadas 86 
ed) Glaysi-se=—=ee= =o SPACE ISR hae OSSD T Seer - 107 

20 W 


Page. 
ied Crosspillte st aaeasase caro cacccese ss edea pean 76 
DGGi cus an aceueeseccansoncctles onde tue aes te 70 
Sialimeliysscase oe nia taetee ass aco eae 66 
Red-headed Woodpecker. ............-----.------ 81 
Red-shafted Woodpecker. .......--------.-------- 81 
ReGsbaltres =~ scence ane sects ceniscaseceses cannes 75 
Red-tailed Hawk .......-. Digs Mate bawen ccc cmentae a 82 
SWiGSLCIM amas eeleaa = nian tees ayes 82 
Red-winged Blackbird .-.....--- AchocnDo sare Se 78 
IROCB is Soe eian- wsajanae tap ee sete es aaa Seesu eset ees 11 
re Gielun odlenGliseecn se aniseseiasacia manic nemenee eas 91 
Remarks on alluvial deposits. .....----.---- «----- 97 
Indian forays=--\.<-==-\=>==- «200 -0s= 32 
Report, general... .:...----.--- S eactienea bee soaeee 9 
peolopicall.: 20 jaca5steweciccsecnacisento-ce 97 
of a reconnaissance to Judith River. .----- 55 
ZOOL MOA. ok asses atajeosseecenaiassenaas—s 59 
Reynolds, Charles -...-.. aeons eee ese - 10,70 
MN eer OS! econ ceeeccesacwe ee ee eee - 116 
AHYN CRONE Omen. aoe ciew acto seem awe ce eecer eases 133 
OSAGENSiS. .-..----- SO seco conkeoepss iss 121 

Ricebitd .-< see s=csssssess556-os555 see ene 7 
achardson’syM al conte seenec sane eees ce eee eee 82 
Ring-Billed Gull. ......--...---- ee aa Pere 90 
Riverside Geyser .----.-.-.--------- POCO Se ence, 29 
(RODIN Sses ess Seewe te teAe cies eee ores ee a See eee 72 
ROCK: Wie la =a stan cinsacpinie psec e ns eae aces 75 
Rocky Canon) Creckssasscnccapeo ses sess eee ae 17 
Rocky Mountain Ruffed Grouse. .--.---.---- dopa 85 
Roeieut;, CW aanen noon ane eens eas ca aan 5 96 
Ross's: Cut-off. 7 o.nccn.nnas,acamucane=s=eh=-ltemeen 106 
Hork-sse5 BU aeMe hone maida aaa MOes «ema 14, 109 
Rough-legged Hawk-..-....------- Sees eee senda ae 83 
Ruffed Grouse, Rocky Mountain.....-------- zoaece 85 

5. 

Saccomyide ...--..---- Pesce oe Sag ve eeeenee 68 
NPC) GROURG are el ore te mate ee eer 85 
RapDIit aces scacccoteasss coccleesn seas cesses 69 
Salpinctes obsoletus. .--<-< <<. con moe anne oos=-= === 73 
Sandbillt@rane cso. cance sees ae eanle see a aaleae= 7 
Sand’ Martin.) sc cseciess sonics Snonleaoe one oe eae 75 
Sandpiper, Baird’s-.-... preeoct sos esonbiness ecesce 86 
PIN RTE A Semon cec RR SR eSSe SEO NOC 87 
WGaStice see sce e onsen. eae esncese ea 86 
Solitary, so-— secs se eee aa ene 87 
Spotted........... Gncndincenecdnesaaes 87 
Sanguinolaria oblata.....---.----- Ap aca PERCE 103, 144 
Savannah Sparrow, «--= ---- --=as-c0e--0===—-==-- = 77 
Sawmill Geyser---..--.-------------- «--=-= ------ 132 
DUTMCONAE Aoeree eaten cctene ans see pans appease 73 
SY ONNIS SING an nas sane = a eee ase aoe 80 
Say’s Flycatcher. ..-.-----.---.-------- ---------- 80 
Scaphites larveformis ...---.---- 25-856 HER eR OSS 122 
MOQOGUS 2 caccae cance cocees eee ee a= a= =—m— 101 
OMCONNS i222 2) cada aces essdes aoneca)<seeceesam - =A 
(ROBH ONG asad occ cdee cea elaacace sa=—-===—= 110 
NCUMUGGS pon re cn nnce neces mace ee sccdesss=—== came 66 
ety 48 TMUBONALB = «occ Sole ces cn cececceaneeens case 66, 90 
Scolecophagus cyanocephalus ...---------+---------- 78 
Section across Hupley’s Hole ..--.-.-------------- 111 
from Carroll to Cone Butte-..--------.---- 102 
Little Rocky Mountains... 127 
of cation below Lower Falls -.---.-------- 23 
Seiurus aurocapillus ...--- Sie eae vee dawaneaaecees 74 


154 INDEX. 

Page. Page. 
Selenite crystals -...--..-----.---.- $255 52scs0es05 99 Streptorhynchus ....----------- JascaeeoeocHessoc5 133 
Seminal (COWsGh saco ceotdd é555 SoacsoscosSrasecs5s 29 CROSSUS eee eee eee ean eer 121 
SATU TPR a 5 a pe 39955 = 325 3535 ss5S=e 75 TGR 5 555s 33> 355 sae eo a= 110 
Sharp-shinned Hawk £2222: 2222-2 e--. --=aeee nese 80, 92 Sirigidis ee eee eee eee es ae eer 81 
Sharp-tailed Grouse ..---.-- Sos ostone ses ssescses 85 Sturnella magna neglecta....---------------------- 78 
SPN La fo 8 es oessacserascescasec 9,13 Suggestion relative to National Park ..---..------- 36 
Shields River ..-.-. moeoonebsce saeco costs 16, 57, 118, 121 Sul phunsS pom tse see seen ane eee eee eee 23 
SJ ADMD eo Se a es Bo scon5osed cesSse00 74 Summer YellowDitdlsee: =-se eee == ences] = =e 74 
Nhort-eared Owl- cease nee eee eee ee 81 SOM ie. Ree Kees eee ee eee 57 
SHHOWGIE = Ssnsn so seo deee sess oscsdo dese sess a5ess9 89 Surf Duck, White-winged...-.......-.....-------- 89 
Shrike, White-rumped - .--...---.--:---.. ---2---- 7 Surface-drift in Judith Gap ..---..----...---.---- 111 
Sialia arctica 22.25 3552 cs 2225e se sees eee tence 73, 91 Surnia wlula RUudsoniasc cs aeons cena ca o)-ce ae 92 
SUlUnianeee sess aes ae ee eee eee eee ee see 113 SwallowseBankeoce-s-22es ae ree eee ee anace =e 75 
rocks, primordial series..----.------------ 132 Barn ..--. scares psbe enemas eac aes tees 75 
Sloux-====". posctessatcewssesaeee cease ten eeeere 14, 103 Cliff: --222 522226 a2 eee eee eee 75 
Sitta carolinensis aculeata .....-------------------- 73,91 \Violet-creen 22 s---5--seere eee selene 75 
Siktida: esas omnes oc ee =e eae etoae ee eee 73 Swan, (ncompetelss-<—-6 == == <== een eae 
Sitting Bull <-225. 2222222 snasscse cesceeae tees 11 Sweet Grass Creek... ..-...--------------------- 57 
Sixteen-mile ‘Creek. <2222522- 6s2=cecesessenotseee 16,118 Hilist =<... 3222 ees Sal ae 
Skank .s2os22/(22222,.cs2s22tsecsseteesateneeaceees 65s ‘Swift: Roxeeteseea c= sce eee ieee eee ena =e 64 
SEun k= Deak ees saeeee aos eee aa cease sles anne increas 65 SO BOCHAT Sos 5 eames 5 Sas coau aoSCeD = 74 
Sky-lark, Missouri <-----------.---~ - e2s5do sc5500 74 Syringopora mult-aitenuata ....---------------«---108, 121 

Slaughterof came: :-2=--5<=2 222c5 s2-2 eee e oe 61 * 7 

Slender-billed Nuthatch’.-=-=. .-2----2o--- --s2=—- 73 ‘ 
Smilth’s Riversess<sn--cses hacen oo oc ee ee ee = 15 Tamias quadrimtiatus.<---2-..--=-- --5-=--s--=2====) 00,90 
Snipe Wilson's 5-2. 22 sees eens Re opee te ceenian 86 Ranaprer, Owisiana ce ao eee eae eee 75 
Snowbird WOreconteeses 22 e-seceee nee eee ee === 77 Tanagride ..----.----- Jace ashe cheeses eeee eee 75 
Sno w:Goose aasete ae eee cr See hiet oo ee eee see 88 Tapes MOntANENgS <2 s2.2 one a seem see ss eae 103, 145 
Mountains! 2-552 -. = ses boc once ose ee ccaeee 109 Taxidea americana .2a25- +2 s-neseneen sas ee eee 66 
Soda) Mountain. 2- =o" oe cow eoeeeeect ee eae eee 23 TealjBlue-winged <.-2-2--2-422525-- seSoee ease oe &9 
Solitary Sandpiper .-...-.... Sas aybeee ene eemsee 87 Green=winged an. =s a eee 89 
Song Sparrow, Western ..--...---..------.s------ 77 Tellina (Arcopagia) subulata....-.-- st eonee eee 126 
Sparrow, \Clay-colored: <2: 22 ¢<-s<e-2 se soos nee 77 tGhens a8. ca = een ae eee 126 
Savannah ....... Bet asa oe tes see ae 77 Tellina scitula...--- piece ce ete mec eas neeeeLeemaes 103, 126 
LURE pm eokaaaSas Seenaseseseuccsseissaoee 77 Telltale c= ss. ene noe ecenae cosas ae Seo noe eee 87 
iWiestern Son ts. eens == cfc eee aerate 77 Terebr atula <==" 5/-aacaq5 50 enters cased eee eee 107 
Wihtte-crowned 2= sess 22) = oem 77 Rerhlar yess se ae ee aes ee ene 115, 135 
Mellow-=win red Wea ce c=, ee anne eens 77 FOSSIIS Ants site cose ao see eee eee 116 
SPALLOW Wawa. = como sk ns ecseesener ace eenc 82 Tetons <ss2sssa 52s eeeass =~ seeee< cco seseeeeeeeac= 20 
SPANO ClYNEIO cao soe aioe a oe eee ee 80 Letra0 OOSCUr US a eco men ne ae a ee 84, 92 
Spermophilus Richardsonti...-. ---=<- --<<=---=---« 67 Tetraonide eons aaa SeSece gen osieee eset aoe eas 84 
13-lineatus .---- wisaceen wae reat eee ans 67 Thistlebird .-.-- SERRE SIRO aco Sena ORROCNEcoaS 76 
Vounsendt | 2 caasccx2 soxcee teen seteews 91 Phomomys talpordis = aes co asen cee ee ae ee 68, 91 
SPREMOUG MOLCAUONSIS ae oo = 5-4 eas aman eee eee 126 Thompson; Liewb Rw 25 22 sees 2na oat oa eajeete 9,55 
Spheotyto cunicularia hypogwa -.-..--.----.---.---- 81 Thomson, Prof, JaMeSssss2-.s2-=s502-s-5 a52se ee ae 98 
Sphyrapicus thyroideus .-.-...----.------ epee aecies 81, 92 Thracia (Corimya) Grinnetlit ...-- ---. --=--.------ 126, 144 
DUG ent tae ae ean yoo ata See ee 133 Phrasher ce solo sas es esse a> eos wen ac oe aan soaaeete 72 
CONUTONOID (2 3 cae = S22 = as 107, 108, 110, 121, 129 Three Rorks*<2 25 o-oo san foe oo aoa cos LEG 
(Mantinia) lineata: -2ae2 essen a eee seen 107 POakS aes = seis See saree ewes ocase ceeecnas 31 
SPITE ETING TMONMICKENSIS team ae ce caee oe se ac ae 110, 121 Lhrush; Brown s.-c-s<asn sce -- ea sea seco we ccen oe 72 
MNZELIG MONTCOlLM 22 seen Rate SSecenceee ee nea ce 77 Golden-crowned 2s... s-s6ee~ sos a ene ners 74 
POA 22s 52S asa oa ee 77 Olive-hacked (24s 2a lacsce cas see cone 72 
RO CALS ONIZONG = f= Sore wo nae oe ae ThYMallus ios sess ~ See ace coe cise ee ace eee 114 
SpottedsSandpiper® 25-- = s..csse= cose e ane eeeee 87 Timber Wolf 222222252202. 2252502 seen es daeane eee 63 
SqUaresDUhbOss a: ma=< sas yee aera eee eee ae 55 Pitlark 22 3= soos tlre ee nto ee aC Rn a 74 
Squirrel, WMissourl (Ground... 22-2 .s5sce aes eee ae 66 Totans flavimes -- = 3c soc. tot ehee ace oe aoa 87, 92 
PUN Ofseenvas =n see aoc Sixes en eee ee 66 MeLANOLEUCNS a= = 2.co ane clence seme semjcceees 87, 92 
Redline cc piene = ant ae eee eee eee 66 SEM AUN CLUS moo wlan nate ee aes ee ee 86, 92 
Richardson’s\.5 ce = Sees eee 67 SOUTAIMUS 25 555 saccceeaneneeeee RR Ase 87, 92 
SinipedPraivio ssn sase eee eee eee 67 Tower Creeks=--..22 5.5. ss erase ea sameeren 20, 81 
Steamboat Point. -<- 32. . -e os Scceacee anaes heen 24 Balls soci o0/So5s5) nw eoss orestan ameee eee eee 20 
DLEVEDSON WOCb es oma ian tenes 6 eee eee eee 65 Mrachyte wena sca s oes oa eee cece eee 105, 108 
SHCLONON Gi nemens eam epi eee ee eecpeos cane 108, 110 rail Creeks=-..<ss65 0 esas ee een eeewencececeee 17,84 
Storm‘on Mount Washburne ..--...-.....--..-c. 30 (ree Sparro ye. saceeleecs cane oeeeeee ae Bossa: -- 77 


INDEX. 


Page. 
SErUVOPIGES “22 eewee~ nee nne aan Sri CEIS CUD OOS DOCOc 117 
PY V Une GRID ean i eppp peeoee Heep Cee eeo eee 86, 92 
MUU Ol a ars enciee = =n ea eqacio~= 43s cene 86 
Tringoides. MacuUlarius ...- 6 1-220. ann cncnne enone 87 
UNDONE seee tec one CHO BOEDSRSoo cnr can Senspeeeece 125 
Troglodyles aédon parkmanni. -.------- CoS OEE me 73, 91 
TERT GD OIE S226 DE BOSD OC ER EU ES OCH EEO EE DO EOE eOIec 73 
WITOIT BS cece CONS CloS USEC EED CEE Cena RSPB Re cara 20 
Droit) Creeks.) s-ac=0.----5 Sater de aiiaa nee eae 107 
APM PELE ON Mle os.5 - = oe oem) eee men sa's sc on alm snineele 88 
PUR basemen s == c amamancieme te sose ctclcese oe, 27 
MDT MME) ae eeteietre \ Sa. cicciccmeisomeicees Bes she aes 72 
UNA MRGROLONUUS .~<= 5 => sva= mee anem sees cence 72 
RUCANSOM ea S > «Soe aeons ae laise Saale 72,91 
UTR UZZAN 5220-5 cceiauamiecamiecentsece c= 6 = 83 
SCR ELGa eee oc) ss oce seo mania cosine tleeenees oe 27 
MITHlepWOVe ssa. ccse= «Ses nese wae oeecas> aeeoeces 83 
Turtles ....-. wae eaasaa Noeeuseoeeaee cos erences aces 116 
Riwinine, Capt. Wied: s-2--cmease22 -secinecaen=se~ = 9 
WORT) 7 (sunanjetces. anos 80 
PYTARNUSECUTOUNENSIS = =~ = ais coe eens e= occas 80, 92 
MERUCHUS vas on stmemee dae nes ace ese aatcSae 80 

U. 
United States Boundary Commission..-.-..----.-- 9 
(PiMIOn PASS 2.6 ease ce oa cosss ce weseteresettscecee 134 
NUmiGgie a= sore ha es cen phon oeit sacs Sar owelocs wacee < 135 
Upland: Plover. .--=.-../2--.--<<<. Vasu s wasese. caus 87 
Upper Falls of the Yellowstone-......---.-------- 72 
Geyser Basin...-. Sfsertaseeelec acon cece Aosaner (qd 53 
Orsdigien 224 -/sc= qeieseetesencees aye Soe ctonwee cas 66 
EAU INOIICUNUG ao a wade ee cie ca einco os wen ew cee ae 66, 90 
RaRnitaligneesas ean te cise eo oaale cote anioeences 66, 90 

V. 


Vandalism of visitors to National Park........... 26 


Vanikoropsis Toumeyana 145 
RESNENUUNOMUCHFUGUAl =e ain'n cae we sceassases=acccecs 90 
YUMANENSIS 222 2=- =~ A dattsoce chao bosses 90 
Violet-creen Swallow <... <<<. sess sacs eo-5---8 2s 75 
Vulpes alopen macrurus'...-.----2-<---0--------=-- 64 
CUNT Gane SoS SCachgecd coSn ao ches Sc bESaeREce 64 

Ws 
Nianoler And uhOn Ss -a.sct-scrsienaanieweccav=ces cc 74 
Western Mourning mes jean sjes on sme anole 75 


Wel OWi=a: somes essamtn esc as c22osies.ac\on= 74 
Wanton destruction of curiosities in Geyser Basins 36 


Warm) Springs @reekis 2-2. saripeeecc-ceec=cnas ac 3: 
Washpurne: Monntaime 2 2.2 o2ceces-oscl-s-5--52 = 21 
Washings at Emigrant Gulch -......-...-....-.- c 3l 
Wiater Onzel@enecomcane seco se sete a tccsece fejmctece 72 
Wiswines: BOHeMintng. cease mee on aoe me oe one ce 76 
WYieshenny BING WItGh ace cafeee meee sie eesac es etiew an an. 73 

Ghippyecenses =a esttes oe eee tice events 77 


IOUS) WOM es sae Soon ees aa 2 ce cekaeene 73 
(Meadows Mark erence een acs san as cueues ae 78 


Mourning Warbler....... Senscnedaseesee 75 
Night Hawk! <<< <2 -cancne se btrcacsacnes 80 
Red-tail: Hawk << 22.2 scensscsteess ca csc' 82 
SOUP Sparrow =a. <c sce case socce. come aeme 77 


White-footed Mouse ......-.-.........- 68 


Page. 
‘Western! Woodchucks 22.0 -cececencmcos-nnec acces 67 
Wood Powe@ic:-sessccsecracs cnariocscoe 80 
Wihintlino: of Blk casa nessecaces cnsccnsoccacescs 69 
Writer PONcaissccascodunaaies xcieenssesalescane,- 89 
White-crowned Sparrow --------<. .-2-0-200------ 77 
White-footed Mouse, Western ...-...-.----..----- 68 
Wihtite-headed! Waele sos a2aacce-sens-csetscccsace 83 
Wihite-romped) Shrike so. sf s-o-ecscaciees sees eae 76 
Wihite-tatled) Deer:22: 2-5 25ccac. 2 soe ceeeecdeel 70 
Greeks sSee eae scieaawoderaekes 115 

Wihite-wineed: Blackbird? 2... sc. --200cc2ses5-- 7 
Sark Ducks sss. ca-22sc20c.e cease 89 
WHhIthelds Rasa ces. sscocs acecleesarscese corccecen 6596 


iWaldlC aiteeses bo loaoe ca satenacee ts sect ee se seke ae 63 
Wadoconbena (ens Mees boots eees WR Owls Ook 8 BR 
iM GoosGtacon es cc wen tases coeces uses Seeceeenee 83 
WallG ine Same Socrocisnneio ae aloes dee weeteceslakat escaes 86 


Wailson/siSnipeh.s22--—ss--s essen close Seeman ec 86 
IWiOLPH GU avec se eetetemlanaaeceaalema aes eaaneeaeeeee 63 
IPIAIPi@yoafs-socee clase ciscccosiesed nen ae<sease 64 
HImPOY hecsee nescence oe ecees fececeswas tees 63 
Wolfin pit. oo serene eaewe ane saa sotese aac aysocnens 64 
IWiOly POINbE2 so52 <2 <)anjenncienteneeeeeies= =a- 2-252, C0180 
SWiOlWerene) rene ee voce toamn eva eee cl canes 65 
Wood) Wi Hizitics soe cece cccsesssoel-seseecs pao s 10 
Woodehuck iWesterty.-<.2opses Joss dercs coos en 67 
Woodpecker, Black-breasted -.....---.---.------- 81 
IDO AEN RBeeeee ccs Sao Geee cece aaecoe 81 
Golden=winged):?2--,.-2-.-2-s0css == 81 

WLAUTISIS)S = 292 aj was Saeniccanes caeaes 80 


WL@WisiBucesacevcs-seesieccaeencesecee 81 
IRed=headed)2saase eaceeees cote alee 81 

Red-shaited’.. 2as0 220 eee stew ooo 81 

Wren, Long-billed Marsh. ..-.<-.--.-<<s--0c--es-- 74 
Rock ae anstee «trae aa ae cach ok etee ee settee 7S 
Western) House) ss. scat soecncc. seosk eocectee 73 

NVA OM Onn eeyacin stato ereeiaeioomer as caren aniee cee 61 


Ne 


Yellow slates underlying Tertiary....-.....-...-. 116 

Taken Aes ache sine serene eee oo eae acs ce 24 
‘VellownwWiarbletpenon=s\-s-n- sia sectecenconeseuwscss 
WellowDindres ay. se sces oa tiees soeetea aa ea amene cise 
Wellowbirds Summers--o=-=.s2)<veseuec eciceice soac 
Yellow-breasted! Chat. .- 7. <2. s2 22 nce ce ccnes-ce 


ors ees ees) 
uk Oe 


Yellow-haired Porcupine)----/222. ---snscenecasaon= 69 
Yellowless\inessers= 2<s.x.22 052 2s 26 ovaseae mane 7 


Yellowshanks, Greater --..---------.-.---<e0-.--- 87 


Yellowstone Mountains) .--n<\-cee~ soa eles sacs = =— = 57 

Pam kira oa al= crete nee Soceene 9, 63, 66, 79, 84, 87 

IRA, Clears ae een See ees 11, 79, 82, 86 

Yellowthroat, Maryland..........-.-.----:-.----. 74 

Vellow-winged! Sparrow:. <<-<- acca -sccce co=--s 55 77 
Z. 

Zaphrentis ...2.- ------ -----0 -----s anes ocseee =o 133 

CONN GUase ana neces semen senses 108, 110, 113 

Zapus hudsonius..---..- Sectsece cd sacs goscs ceoece 68, 91 

Zenedura carolinensis .......-----.-+--+- Sbesocaee 83 

Zonotrichia leucophry8.... +--+ -------+-----+------- 77,91 

titer Medi@._ =< = -- 25-5224 econ 91 


ZOolOgical LEPOrt .- 6 oa wae wes wane owe wsoc noes 60 


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